AAAR – Association of American Railroads
ABANDON – To cease efforts to produce fluids from a well, in depleted formation and to plug
the well without adversely affecting the environment. (Bul 10C)
ABANDON – To cease efforts to produce oil or gas from a well, and to plug a depleted
formation and salvage all material and equipment. (ITOGP)
ABS – American Bureau of Shipping
ABATEMENT – The act or process of reducing the intensity of pollution; also, the use of some
method of abating pollution. (Bul D11)
ABNORMAL OPERATING CONDITION – A condition which occurs in a process component
when an operating variable ranges outside of its normal operating limits. (RP 14C)
ABRASIONS OR PEENING – Damage on the pipe resulting from a rubbing or pounding action
against other pipe or some protrusion in the vessel. This latter condition may result in the
initiation of fatigue cracks at the damaged areas during transit. (RP 5L5)
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE – Pressure measured from absolute zero pressure. It is ordinarily
expressed as gage pressure (the pressure reading on a pressure gage) plus atmospheric pressure,
and denoted in pounds per square inch absolute (psia). (WLOP)
ABSOLUTE VOLUME – The volume per unit mass, reciprocal of absolute density. (Bul 10C)
ABSORPTION – The penetration or apparent disappearance of molecules or ions of one or more
substances into the interior of a solid or liquid. For example, in hydrated bentonite, the planar
water that is held between the mica-like layers is the result of absorption. (Bul D11)
ABSORPTION – To soak up as a sponge takes water. (COGWE, ITOGP, SSWID)
AC FIELD – The active magnetic field produced by the use of alternating current. (RP 5A5)
ACCELERATION METHOD. Utilizes the angles at the top and bottom of the course length and
from these generates a curve on the assumption that the measured angles change smoothly from
top to bottom of the measured course as though under the influence of a constant force of
acceleration. The results obtained are the same as the “Balanced Tangential,” “Trapezoidal,” and
“Vector Averaging” Methods. (Bul D20).
ACCELERATOR – A material which accelerates or speeds up the normal rate of reaction
between cement and water, resulting in an increase in the development of early strength, and, in
some cases, a decrease in the setting time or thickening time. (Bul 10C)
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA – Limit of shape, size, and position of discontinuities acceptable
within the context of the specific design requirements. (RP 2X)
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA – Defined limits placed on characteristics of materials, products, or
services. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A, Spec Q1)
ACCESS OPENING – An opening which allows communication to the interior of the flame
arrestor housing making the mixer, pilot, burner, etc., accessible. This opening is normally
closed by a flat plug or plate 3” to 4” in diameter, securely attached to the housing and tightly
sealed against the opening. (RP 12N)
ACCESSORY – A secondary part of assembly of parts which contributes to the overall function
and usefulness of a machine. (Spec 2C)
ACCLIMATION – The process of adjusting or adapting to changes in climate or environment.
(Bul D11)
ACCUMULATOR – A pressure vessel charged with nitrogen gas and used to store hydraulic
fluid under pressure for operation of blowout preventers. (RP 53)
ACI – American Concrete Institute
ACID – Any chemical compound containing hydrogen capable of being replaced by positive
elements or radicals to form salts. In terms of the dissociation theory, it is a compound which, on
dissociation in solution, yields excess hydrogen ions. Acids lower the pH. Examples of acids or
acidic substances are: hydrochloric acid, tannic acid, sodium acid pyrophosphate. (Bul D11)
ACID BOTTLE – Early method of measuring the angle of inclination. A glass bottle with
hydrofluoric acid was lowered to the bottom and allowed to set until the acid etched the glass.
The angle of inclination was determined by the etched line. (Bul D20)
ACID RESISTANCE – The ability of a hardened cement slurry to withstand the softening and
corrosive effects of organic or mineral acids, or water solutions of these acids and their salts
having a pH lower than 7.0. (Bul 10C)
ACIDITY – The relative acid strength of liquids as measured by pH. A pH value below 7. See
pH. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
ACIDIZING – The practice of injecting acids into rock formations to remove any blocking
material or to enlarge the pores to enhance the movement of fluid through the rock. (Bul 10C)
ACIDIZING – The treatment of formations with hydrochloric or other type acids in order to
increase production or injection. (ITOGP)
ACIDIZING – The act of pumping an acidic solution into a wellbore to remove materials from
the perforations, pipe, and walls of the producing formation or pumping the solution into
formations to improve permeability. (RP 54)
ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE – The factor which controls the propagation of an ultrasonic wave at
a boundary interface. It is the product of the material density and the acoustic wave velocity
within the material. (RP 2X)
ACT – Automatic Custody Transfer
ACT – Automatic Custody Transfer: A unit designed to automatically move oil from lease
storage to pipe line. Normally made up of a pump, back-pressure valve, BS&W monitor, and oil
meter. (WT)
ACTIVE ZONE – A region in which the ice moves and deforms. (Bul 2N)
ACTUATION TEST, BLOWOUT PREVENTER – The closing and opening of a blowout
preventer unit to assure mechanical functionability. (RP 57)
ACTUATOR – A mechanism for the remote or automatic operation of a valve or choke. (Spec
6A)
ACUTE TOXICITY – Any poisonous effect produced within a short period of time, usually up
to 24-96 hrs., resulting in severe biological harm and often death. (Bul D11)
ADAPTER – A pressure containing piece of equipment having API end connections of different
nominal sizes and/or pressure ratings, used to connect other pieces of equipment of different API
nominal sizes and/or pressure ratings. (Spec 16A)
ADDED MASS – Effective addition to the system mass which is proportional to the displaced
mass of water. (RP 2T)
ADDENDUM – The distance between the pitch line and crest of thread. (RP 5B1)
ADDITION – A material added to a cement clinker during manufacture, commonly
gypsum/anhydrite and water. (Bul 10C)
ADDITIVE – A material other than cement or water which is added to a cement subsequent to
its manufacture to modify properties. Equivalent of admixture in ASTM usage. (Bul 10C)
ADEQUATE VENTILATION – Adequate ventilation is defined as ventilation (natural or
artificial) which is sufficient to prevent the accumulation of significant quantities of vapor-air
mixtures in concentration above 25% of their lower flammable (explosive) limit (LEL). (RP
500B)
ADEQUATELY VENTILATED AREA – An adequately ventilated area is an area that has a
ventilation system (natural or artificial) which prevents the accumulation of gases to an explosive
level. Adequate ventilation is provided by a change of air volume each five minutes, or 1.5 cubic
feet of air volume flow per minute per square foot of floor area, whichever is greater. (RP 14F)
ADFREEZE- Adhesion between ice and a structural surface. (Bul 2N)
ADHESION – A physical attraction, operating on the molecular level, exerted between the
surfaces of bodies in contact. (Bul 10C)
ADHESION – The molecular attraction or force exerted across the surfaces of contact between
unlike liquids and solids which resist their separation. (Bul D11)
ADJUSTMENT – Activities associated with the sizing or setting of a SSCSV value as defined in
the Manufacturer’s Operating Manual. Adjustment may be performed at the well site or other
location. Each part installed for the purpose of adjustment should be a qualified part. (RP 14B)
ADJUSTABLE CHOKE – A choke in which the position of a conical needle in a seat can be
used to vary the rate of flow through the choke. (WLOP)
ADMINISTRATIVE OR REGULATORY AUTHORITY – Governmental agency or the
employer in the absence of governmental jurisdiction. (Spec 2C)
ADMIX – To add one material to another by mixing. Note: Admix should not be used
replaceably with addition, additive or admixture. (Bul 10C)
ADSORBED LIQUID – That liquid on the surfaces of solid particles that cannot be removed by
draining, even with centrifugal force. (Bul 13C)
ADSORPTION – A surface phenomenon exhibited by a solid (adsorbent) to hold or concentrate
gases, liquids, or dissolved substances (adsorptive) upon its surface, a property due to adhesion.
For example, that water held to the outside surface of hydrated bentonite is absorbed water. (Bul
D11)
ADSORPTION – The accumulation of a thin layer of molecules of gas or liquid on a solid
surface. (COGWE, SSWID)
ADSORPTION – The attraction exhibited by the surface of a solid for a liquid or a gas when
they are in contact. (ITOGP)
AERATE – Adding air into water by agitation. (SSWID)
AERATION – The technique of injecting air or gas in varying amounts into a fluid. (See Air
Cutting.) (Bul 10C)
AERATION – The process of being supplied or permeated with air. (Bul D11)
AERATION – The technique of injecting air or gas in varying amounts into a drilling fluid for
the purpose of reducing hydrostatic head. See Air Cutting. (Bul D11)
AEROBIC – With atmospheric oxygen present. (COGWE, SSWID)
AEROBIC – the condition associated with the presence of free oxygen in an environment; living,
active, or occurring only in the presence of oxygen. (Bul D11)
AEROBIC BACTERIA – Bacteria that are active primarily in the presence of oxygen. (SSWID)
AEROSOL – Suspension of liquid or solid particles in air or gas. (Bul D11)
“A” FRAME – See Gantry also called Mast. (Spec 2C)
AGENCY – An organization or part of an organization selected by the owner to perform
examinations as required by the specification or purchase order. (RP 2X)
AGENCY PERSONNEL – Technicians employed and trained by an independent organization,
offered to the operator on a contract basis, for assisting in the construction inspections. (RP 2X)
AGER – A water filled pressure chamber used to apply external pressure to gas lift valves to flex
the bellow during the pressure setting operation. (GL)
AGGLOMERATE – A mass of particles or substances closely associated and clustered together.
(Bul D11)
AGGLOMERATION – The grouping of individual particles. (Bul D11)
AGGREGATE – An essentially inert material of mineral origin having a particle size
predominately greater than 10 mesh. Also a group of two or more individual particles held
together by strong forces which are not subject to dispersion by normal mixing or handling. (Bul
10C)
AGGREGATE – A group of two or more individual particles held together by strong forces.
Aggregates are stable to normal stirring, shaking, or handling as powder or a suspension. They
may be broken by drastic treatment such as ball milling a powder or by shearing a suspension.
(Bul D11)
AGGREGATION – Formation of aggregates. In drilling fluids, aggregation results in the
stacking of the clay platelets face to face. The viscosity and gel strength decrease in
consequence. (Bul D11)
AGING – Natural or artificial curing of cement, cement slurries, and hardened cement paste
during which various physico-chemical changes take place. (Bul 10C)
AGMA – American Gear Manufacturers Association
AIEE – American Institute of Electrical Engineers
AIR CURTAIN – A method for mechanical containment of oil spills. Air is bubbled through a
perforated pipe causing an upward water flow that retards the spreading of oil. Air curtains may
also be used as barriers to prevent fish from entering a polluted body of water. (Bul D11)
AIR CUTTING – The inadvertent mechanical incorporation and dispersion of air into a wellfluid
system. See Aeration. (Bul 10C)
AIR CUTTING – The inadvertent mechanical incorporation and dispersion of air into a drillingfluid
system. (Bul D11)
AIR POLLUTION – The presence of contaminates in the air in concentrations that interfere
directly or indirectly with human health, safety, comfort, or with the full use and enjoyment of
property. (Bul D11)
AIR-QUALITY CRITERIA – The levels of pollution and lengths of exposure at which adverse
effects on health and welfare occur. (Bul D11)
AIR-QUALITY STANDARDS – The prescribed level of pollutants in the outside air that cannot
be exceeded legally during a specified time in a specified geographic area. (Bul D11)
AISC – American Institute of Steel Construction
AISI – American Iron and Steel Institute
ALKALI – Any compound having marked basic properties. See Base. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
ALKALINITY – The combining power of a base measured by the maximum number of
equivalents of an acid with which it can react to form a salt. In water analysis, it represents the
carbonates, bi-carbonates, hydroxides, and occasionally the borates, silicates, and phosphates in
the water. It is determined by titration with standard acid to certain datum points. (Bul 10C)
ALKALINITY – The combining power of a base measured by the maximum number of
equivalents of an acid with which it can react to form a salt. In water analysis, it represents the
carbonates, bi-carbonates, hydroxides, and occasionally the borates, silicates, and phosphates in
the water. It is determined by titration with standard acid to certain datum points. See API RP
13B for specific directions for determination of phenolphthalein (P) and methyl orange (M)
alkalinities of the filtrate in drilling fluids and the alkalinity of the mud itself (P). Also, see (P),
(M), and (P). (Bul D11)
ALL-ELECTRIC RIG – A rotary drilling rig using power from electric power line. (Bul D10)
ALLOWABLE – The amount of oil or gas that a well is authorized by the state regulatory
agency to produce during a given period. (ITOGP)
ALLOWABLE – The producing rate of a well, lease or unitized property, as established by
existing rules and regulations of governing bodies. Usually based on depth, and/or well capacity,
for a specific period of time such as one day or one month. (WT).
ALLOWABLE ROPE HOLD – The “nominal” breaking strength of the rope divided by a design
factor. (Spec 2C)
ALLOY – A metal composed of two or more elements, at least one of which has good metallic
properties. (COGWE, SSWID)
ALLOY – A metal composed of two or more elements, combined to produce certain metallic
properties. (WLOP)
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) – Alternating current is current that reverses its direction of
flow at regular intervals. (RP 5A5)
ALUMINUM STEARATE – An aluminum salt of stearic acid used as a defoamer. See Stearate.
(Bul D11)
AMINE – A compound generally used to “sweeten” sour fluids or gases. (SSWID)
AMPERE (A or amp) – A unit of electrical current. (RP 5A5)
AMPERE-TURNS (A-t) – The product of the number of turns in a coil and the number of
amperes of current flowing through it. This is a measure of the magnetizing strength of the coil.
For example: 800 amperes in a 6 turn coil = 800 x 4800 A-t. (RP 5A5)
AMPLIFICATION REDUCTION FACTOR (C) – Coefficient applied to bending term in
interaction equation for members subjected to combined bending and axial compression to
account for overprediction of secondary moment given by the amplication factor 1/(1 – f/F’).
(Bul 2U)
AMPLIFIER – A device to increase or amplify electric impulses. (RP 2X)
AMPLITUDE (See related term: Stroke) – The distance from the mean position to the point of
maximum displacement. In the case of a vibrating screen with circular motion, amplitude would
be the radius of the circle. In the case of straight-line motion or elliptical motion it would be onehalf
of the total movement or one-half of the major axis of the ellipse; thus one-half stroke. (Bul
13C)
AMPLITUDE ECHO – The vertical height of an A-scan received signal, measured from base-topeak
or peak-to-peak. (RP 2X)
ANAEROBIC – With atmospheric oxygen absent. (COGWE, SSWID)
ANAEROBIC – Refers to life or processes that occur in the absence of oxygen. (Bul D11)
ANALYSIS, DRILLING-FLUID OR MUD – Examination and testing of the drilling fluid to
determine its physical and chemical properties and condition. (Bul D11)
ANGLE BEAM – A wave train traveling at an angle, measured from the normal to the test
surface to the centerline of the beam. (RP 2X)
ANGLE DROP-OFF – Rate of change (degrees/100 ft) of the inclination angle in the section of
the wellbore that is decreasing toward vertical (refer to “Drop Off”). (Bul D20)
ANGLE INDICATOR – BOOM – An accessory which measures the angle of the boom above
horizontal. (Spec 2C)
ANGLE OF ATTACK – Angle between the wellbore inclination/direction and the dip
inclination/direction. (Bul D20)
ANGLE OF BUILDUP – Rate of change (degrees/100 ft) of the inclination angle in the section
of the hole where the inclination from the vertical is increasing (refer to “Buildup”). (Bul D20)
ANGLE OF DRIFT – Refer to “Angle of Inclination.” (Bul D20)
ANGLE OF INCLINATION – That angle in degrees, taken at one or at several points of
variation, from the vertical as revealed by a deviation survey; sometimes called the inclination or
angle of deviation. (Bul D20)
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE – The included angle between the direction of the transmitted wave
and the normal to the interface at the point of incidence. (RP 2X)
ANGLE OF REFLECTION – The angle defined by the direction of the reflected wave and the
normal to the interface at the point of incidence. The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of
incidence. (RP 2X)
ANGLE OF REFRACTION – The angle between the refracted rays of an ultrasonic beam and
the normal to the refracting surface. (RP 2X)
ANGLE OF TWIST – The azimuth change through which the drill stem must be turned to offset
the twist caused by the reactive torque of the downhole motor. (Bul D20)
ANGLE TESTING – A testing method in which transmission is at an angle to one test surface.
(RP 2X)
ANGLE TRANSDUCER – A transducer that transmits or receives the acoustic energy at an
acute angle to the surface to achieve a special effect such as the setting-up of shear waves in the
part being inspected. (RP 2X)
ANGLE UNIT – Refer to “Inclinometer.” (Bul D20)
ANHYDRITE – See Calcium Sulfate. (Bul 10C)
ANHYDRITE – See Calcium Sulfate. Anhydrite is often encountered while drilling. It may
occur as thin stingers or massive formations. (Bul D11)
ANHYDROUS – Without water. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
ANILINE POINT – The lowest temperate at which equal volumes of freshly distilled aniline and
an oil which is being tested are completely miscible. This test gives an indication of the
character (paraffinic, naphthenic, asphaltic, aromatic, mid-continent, etc.) of the oil. The aniline
point of diesels or crudes used in drilling fluid is also an indication of the deteriorating effect
these materials may have on natural or synthetic rubber. The lower the aniline point of an oil the
more severe it usually is in damaging rubber parts. (Bul D11)
ANION – A negatively charged atom or radical, such as Cl-, OH-, etc. in solution of an
electrolyte. (Bul 10C)
ANION – A negatively charged atom or radical, such as Cl-, OH-, etc. in solution of an
electrolyte. Anions move toward the anode (positive electrode) under the influence of an
electrical potential. (Bul D11)
ANISOTROPIC FORMATION THEORY – Stratified or anisotropic formations are assumed to
possess different drillabilities parallel and normal to the bedding planes, with the result that the
bit does not drill in the direction of the resultant force. (Bul D20)
ANNULAR FLOW – Formation fluids are produced up through the tubing-casing annulus and
recovered at the surface. (GL)
ANNULAR PACKOFF – A mechanism that seals off annular pressure between the OD of a
suspended tubular member or hanger and the ID of the head or thru spool which the tubular
member passes or hanger is suspended. (Spec 6A)
ANNULAR PREVENTER – A device which can seal around any object in the wellbore or upon
itself. Compression of a reinforced elastomer packing element by hydraulic pressure effects the
seal. (RP 53)
ANNULAR SPACE – The space around a pipe (casing or tubing) suspended in a wellbore is
often termed the ANNULUS, and its outer wall may be either the wall of the borehole or the
casing. (ITOGP)
ANNULAR SPACE – Space surrounding pipe in the wellbore. The outer wall of the annular
space may be open hole or it may be pipe. (RP 54)
ANNULAR VELOCITY – The velocity of a fluid moving in the annulus. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
ANNULUS – The space between tubing and casing. (GL)
ANNULUS (ANNULAR SPACE) – The space surrounding pipe suspended in the well bore. The
outer wall of the annulus may be the wall of the bore hole or it may be larger pipe. (Bul 10C,
SSWID, WLOP)
ANNULUS OR ANNULAR SPACE – The space between the drill string and the wall of the
hole or casing. (Bul D11)
ANODE – The portion of a corrosion cell which corrodes. Oxidation always occurs at anode.
(COGWE)
ANODE – The portion of a corrosion cell which corrodes. Oxidation always occurs at anode.
Usually a piece of sacrificial metal connected to equipment for corrosion protection. (SSWID)
ANSI – American National Standards Institute.
ANTHRACITE MEDIUM – A type of coal which is commonly used in water filters. (SSWID)
ANTIDEGRADATION CLAUSE – A provision in air-quality and water-quality laws that
prohibits deterioration of air or water quality in areas where the pollution levels are presently
below those allowed. (Bul D11)
ANTIFOAM – (See Defoamer.) A substance to prevent foam formation by greatly decreasing
the surface tension. (Bul 10C)
ANTIFOAM – A substance used to prevent foam by greatly increasing the surface tension. See
Defoamer. (Bul D11)
AOGA – Alaska Oil and Gas Association
AOSC – Association of Oilwell Serving Contractors
APERTURE – (See Related Term: Mesh.) An opening; in a screening surface the clear opening
between wires. (Bul 13C)
APEX – See Preferred Term: Underflow Opening. (Bul 13C)
APEX VALVE – See Preferred Term: Underflow Opening. (Bul 13C)
APEX – American Petroleum Institute
API – American Petroleum Institute
API – Abbreviation for American Petroleum Institute, with headquarters in Washington, D.C.
This is the trade association for the petroleum industry. The Institute’s Production Department is
located at 211 N. Ervay, Suite 1700, Dallas, TX 75201. (ITOGP)
API – American Petroleum Institute. Founded in 1920, this national oil industry trade association
maintains a headquarters office in Washington, D.C., and a Production Department office in
Dallas, Texas. It is also used as a slang expression for a job well done (that work is strictly API),
or for utter confusion (it’s API today, two engines are down). Standards for many items of
drilling and producing equipment are produced by industry committees of the Production
Department, including specifications for wire rope and solid wire line. (WLOP)
API CEMENT CLASSES – A classification system for well cements defined in API Spec 10.
(Bul 10C)
API GRAVITY – The gravity (weight per unit volume) of crude oil or other related fluids as
measured by a system recommended by the American Petroleum Institute. It is related to specific
gravity by the following formula:
141.5
Deg API = _________ -131.5
Sp gr 60 F/60F (Bul D11)
API GRAVITY – Specific gravity of crude oil as measured by a system recommended by API.
(GL)
API GRAVITY – The standard adopted by API for measuring the density of a liquid, expressed
in degrees. It can be converted from specific gravity by the following equation:
141.5
Degrees API gravity = __________ – 131.5
Specific gravity (ITOGP)
API GRAVITY – An arbitrary scale to conveniently express the gravity or density of liquid
petroleum products. The scale is derived from “specific gravity” according to the following
equation:
141.5
API gravity = ____________ – 131.5
Specific Gravity
API gravity is expressed in degrees, a specific gravity of 1.0 being equivalent to 10 API.
(WLOP)
API MONOGRAM – A registered mark of the American Petroleum Institute. (Spec 6A)
API SAND – Solid particles in a drilling fluid that are too large to pass through a U.S.S. No. 200
screen (74 micron equivalent). See API RP 13B. (Bul 13C)
API WELL NUMBER – A unique numeric identifier for a hole-in-the-ground. The identifier is
assigned on the basis of surface location and extends from the surface to total depth. (Bul D12A)
APOA – Arctic Petroleum Operators Association.
APPARENT VISCOSITY – The viscosity a fluid appears to have on a given instrument at a
stated rate of shear. It is a function of the fluid’s plastic viscosity and the yield point. The
apparent viscosity in centipoises, as determined by the direct-indicating viscometer (see
Viscometer Direct-Indicating), is equal to ½ the 600-rpm reading. In a Newtonian fluid, the
apparent viscosity is numerically equal to the plastic viscosity. See also Viscosity, Plastic
Viscosity, and Yield-Point. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
APPLICATOR – The organization responsible to the purchaser for the application of the coating.
(RP 5L2)
APPOINTED – Assigned specific responsibilities by the employer or the employer’s
representative. (Spec 2C)
APPROACH AND DEPARTURE OBSTRUCTION – Any object which protrudes above the 8
to 1 clearance plane from the edge of the ground cushion area. (RP2L)
APPROACH AND DEPARTURE ZONE – A clear zone available for flight of a helicopter as it
approaches or departs from the heliport’s designated takeoff and landing area. (RP 2L)
APPROVED – Acceptable to the authority enforcing the rules. (Electrical devices which carry
UL, FM or CSA approval are normally acceptable.) (RP 14F)
APPROVED – Means sanctioned, endorsed, accredited, certified, or accepted by a duly
constituted and recognized authority or agency. Proper, adequate, sufficient, safe, due,
appropriate, reasonable, accepted, periodically, readily, suitable, qualified competent, reliable,
experienced, so as to ensure, accessible, frequently, indicative of a general standard of care are
defined as n a prudent manner. (RP 54)
AQUATIC PLANTS – Plants that grow in water either growing up from the body of water,
growing under the surface, or floating on the surface of the water. (Bul D11)
AQUIFER – An underground bed or stratum of earth, gravel, or porous stone that contains water.
(Bul D11)
AQUIFER – A water-bearing rock strata. In a water-drive field the aquifer is the water zone of
the reservoir underlying the oil zone. (ITOGP)
AQUIFER – A reservoir which bears water in recoverable quantity. (SSWID)
ARC BURNS – Localized points of surface melting caused by arcing between electrode or
ground and pipe surface. (Bul 5T1)
ARCING – Current flow through a gap, often accompanied by intense heat and light. (RP 5A5)
ARCING DEVICE – A device which during its normal operation produces an arc with sufficient
energy to cause ignition of an ignitable mixture. (RP14F)
AREA – See Location. (RP 500B)
AREAL EXTENT – Space or degree to which a thing is extended. Generally used to describe the
distance to the outer boundaries of a reservoir. (SSWID)
ARTIFICIAL DISCONTINUITY OR NOTCH – Reference discontinuities such as holes,
grooves or slots which are introduced into a reference standard to provide reproducible
sensitivity levels for inspection equipment. (See reference standard.) (RP 5A5)
ARTIFICIAL ICE ISLAND – A grounded mass of mostly manmade ice. (Bul 2N)
ARTIFICIAL LIFT – The application of energy from an outside source to life reservoir fluids
from a producing well. (GL)
ARTIFICIAL LIFT – Any method used to raise oil and gas to the surface after reservoir energy
has declined to the point at which the well no longer produces by natural flow. The most
common methods of artificial lift are sucker-rod pumps, hydraulic pumps, submersible pumps,
and gas lift. (WLOP)
ARTIFICIAL LIFT EQUIPMENT – Equipment installed on, or in a well, to remove fluids from
a well when it is no longer able to produce these fluids with its own energy, i.e. conventional rod
pumping unit, hydraulic pump, submersible pump, gas lift, etc. (WT)
ASA – American Standards Association.
ASBESTOS – Mineral fiber (as amphibole) with numerous industrial uses; a hazardous air
pollutant when inhaled. (Bul D11)
ASBESTOS – Term applied to many fibrous silicate minerals, some forms of which are used in
certain drilling fluids. (Bul D11)
A-SCAN – A method of data presentation on a CRT (cathode ray tube) utilizing a horizontal
bases line that indicates distance, or time, and a vertical deflection from the base line which
indicates amplitude. (RP 2X)
A-SCAN DISPLAY – A cathode ray tube display in which the received signal is displayed as a
vertical excursion from the horizontal sweep time trace, the horizontal distance between any two
signals represents the material distance between the two conditions causing the signals. (RP 2X)
ASCE – American Society of Civil Engineers.
ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
ASME SPPE ACCREDITATION PROGRAM – Refers to the accreditation program described
in ANSI/ASME SPPE-1 and SPPE-2 (formerly OCS-1 and OCS-2) and the ASME procedure for
accreditation. (RP 14B, Spec 14)
ASNT – American Society for Nondestructive Testing
ASPHALT – A natural or mechanical mixture of solid or viscous bitumens found in natural beds
or obtained as a residue from petroleum. Asphalt, blends containing asphalt, and altered
asphaltic materials (e.g., air-blown, chemically modified, etc.) have been added to certain drilling
fluids for such widely different purposes as a component in oil-base drilling fluids, lostcirculation
material, emulsifier, fluid-loss-control agent, wall-plastering agent, etc. (Bul D11)
ASSE – American Society of Safety Engineers
ASSEMBLER – An agent who connects the SSV/USV actuator and SSV/USV valve and
performs the functional test in accordance with API Spec 14D. (RP 14H, Spec 14D)
ASSIMILATION – The transformation and incorporation of nutrient by an organism or
ecosystem. (Bul D11)
ASSOCIATED GAS – Natural gas which is in contact with crude oil in the reservoir. (ITOGP)
ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTEM CEMENT TYPES – See Cement, ASTM Types (Bul 10C)
ATMOSPHERE – The layer of air surrounding the earth. (Bul D11)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE – The pressure exerted over the surface of the earth b the weight
of the atmosphere. At sea level, this pressure is approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi).
(WLOP)
ATMOSPHERIC SERVICE – Refers to operation at gauge pressures between ½ ounce per
square inch vacuum and 5 pounds per square inch pressure. (RP 14C)
ATMOSPHERIC ZONE – The part of a structure above the splash zone. (Bul 2N)
ATOM – The smallest particle of matter which can enter into chemical combination, i.e., iron
(Fe), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), carbon (C), chlorine (Cl). (COGWE, SSWID)
ATOM – According to atomic theory, the smallest quantity of an element which is capable of
entering into chemical combination or that can exist alone. (Bul D11)
ATOMIC NUMBER – A number, characteristic of an element, which designates the place of the
element in the periodic table. This number represents the net positive charge on the nucleus of an
atom and is also equal to the number of protons within the nucleus. In a neutral atom, the atomic
number necessarily equals the number of electrons outside the nucleus. (Bul D11)
ATTAPULGITE CLAY – A fuller’s earth type of clay, a hydrous magnesium aluminum silicate,
used as a thickener principally in salt-water drilling fluids. (Bul 10C)
ATTAPULGATITE CLAY – A colloidal, viscosity-building clay used principally in salt-water
drilling fluids. Attapulgite, a special fullers earth, is a hydrous magnesium aluminum silicate.
(Bul D11)
ATTENUATION – The loss in acoustic energy which occurs between any two points of travel
(this loss may be due to absorption, reflection, etc.), or the controlled reduction in sensitivity
within the instrument. (RP 2X)
ATTENUATOR – A device for introducing attenuation, usually calibrated in decibels (db). (RP
2X)
AUDIOMETER – An instrument for measuring hearing sensitivity and calibrated in decibels.
(Bul D11)
AUDIT – A documented investigation conducted by the manufacturer to verify that applicable
requirements are being implemented. (Spec Q1)
AUSTENITE – A solid solution of one or more elements in face-centered cubic iron. (Bul D20)
AUSTENITIC – A non-magnetic (face-centered cubic) state of iron or an iron alloy. (COGWE)
AUSTENITIC – A non-magnetic state of iron or an iron alloy. (SSWID)
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS – A stainless steel whose structure is austenitic at room temperature
and which is used for non-magnetic drill collars, etc. (Bul D20)
AUTHORIZED – Appointed by a duly constituted administrative or regulatory authority. (Spec
2C)
AUTHORIZED FACILITY – A facility authorized under the applicable quality assurance
program (Appendix A of API Spec 14A. ASME – SPPE or other) specified by the operator on
his purchase order. (RP 14H, Spec 14A, Spec 14B, Spec 14D)
AUTHORIZED PERSON – A person assigned by the employer to perform or supervise the
performance of a specific type of duty or duties or to be at a specific location(s) at the work site.
(RP54)
AUTOCLAVE EXPANSION – A measurement or test made as provided in ASTM C 151: Test
for Autoclave Expansion of Portland Cement, Book of ASTM Standards, Part 13. (Bul 10C)
AUTOMATICALLY FIRED VESSEL – A fired vessel with the burner fuel controlled by an
automatic temperature or pressure controller. (RP 14C)
AUTOMATION – The automatic, self-regulating control of equipment, systems, or processes.
(ITOGP)
AUTOMATION – Equipment installed to provide unattended continuous operation according to
a pre-set program. (WT)
- BBABBITT
– Metal from which engine bearings are made. Usually consists of tin, copper, and
antimony. (WLOP)
BACK-OFF – To unscrew. (Bul 10C)
BACK OFF – To unscrew one threaded piece (such as a section of pipe) from another. (ITOGP)
BACK OFF – To unscrew one threaded piece from another. (WLOP)
BACK PRESSURE – The pressure resulting from restriction of full natural flow. (Bul 10C)
BACK PRESSURE – The pressure existing within the producing string at the surface in a gas lift
well. Also used to designate the fluid pressure at the level of gas injection, the pressure against
which the operating valve injects gas. (GL)
BACK PRESSURE – The pressure resulting from restriction of full natural flow of oil or gas.
(ITOGP)
BACK PRESSURE VALVE – A valve that permits flow in only one direction. (RP 57)
BACK PRESSURE VALVE – A one-way check valve that is installed through the X-mas tree,
into the tubing hanger, and prevents well fluids from flowing out of the well. (Spec 6A)
BACK PRESSURE VALVE – A valve designed to control flow rates in such a manner that
upstream pressure remains constant. May be operated by diaphragm, spring, or weighted lever.
(WT)
BACK REFLECTION – The signal received from defects or other reflecting surfaces. (RP 2X)
BACK REFLECTION – In ultrasonic testing, the signal received from the back surface of the
pipe wall. (RP5A5)
BACK UP – To hold one section of an object, such as a pipe or a nut, while another is being
screwed into or out of it. A BACK-UP WRENCH refers to any wrench being used to hold the
pipe or bolt. (ITOGP)
BACKFLOW – Fluid flow in a process component opposite to the normal flow direction. (RP
14C)
BACKGROUND LEVEL – With respect to pollution, amounts of pollutants present due to
natural sources. (Bul D11)
BACKGROUND NOISE – Extraneous signals caused by signal sources within the ultrasonic
testing system, including the material in test. (RP 2X)
BACKPRESSURE – (See Related Term: Differential Pressure.) The pressure opposing flow
from a solids separation device. (Bul 13C)
BACKSCATTER – Secondary radiations resulting from the interaction between the primary
gamma radiations form the source and the pipe wall. (RP 5A5)
BACKUP – Refers to the act of “backing up” or preventing rotation of one section of pipe while
another is screwed out of or into it. Also applied to screwing nuts on or off bolts. A backup
wrench refers to any wrench being used to hold the pipe or bolt. Backup tong is applied to the
pipe tongs suspended in the derrick and used to hold a section of pipe while another section is
screwed out of our into it by use of other tongs. The backup man is the crew member who
operates the backup tongs. The backup position refers to the work station of the backup man.
(RP54)
BACKWARD STATION METHOD – Refer to “Tangential Method.” (Bul D20)
BACTERIA – Single-celled microorganisms that lack chlorophyll. Some bacteria are capable of
causing human, animal, or plan diseases; others are essential in pollution control processes
because they break down organic matter in water and air. (Bul D11)
BAD OIL – Oil not acceptable for delivery to the pipeline purchaser because of too high BS&W;
oil requiring additional treating. (ITOGP)
BAFFLES – Plates or obstructions built into a tank or other vessel to change the direction of
fluid flow. (ITOGP)
BAIL – To recover bottom-hole fluids, samples, or drill cuttings by lowering a cylindrical vessel,
called a “bailer,” to the bottom of a well, filling it, and retrieving it. Also, a link of steel attached
to pipe elevators for living. (WLOP)
BAILER – A long cylindrical container, fitted with a valve at its lower end, used to remove
water, sand, mud, or oil from a well. (WLOP)
BALANCE, MUD – A beam-type balance used in determining fluid density. (Bul 10C)
BALANCE, MUD – A beam-type balance used in determining drilling fluid density. It consists
primarily of a base, graduated beam with constant-volume cup, lid, rider, knife edge, and
counterweight. (Bul D11)
BALANCED TANGENTIAL METHOD – Uses the inclination and direction angles at the top
and bottom of the course length in a manner so as to tangentially balance the two sets of
measured angles over the course length. Results obtained are the same as the “Acceleration,”
“Trapezoidal,” and “Vector Averaging” Methods. (Bul D20)
BALL AND SEAT – Parts of the valves in a plunger-type oil well pump. (ITOGP)
BALLAST – See Counterweight. (Spec 2C)
BAND BRAKE – Circular type of brake either of external contracting type or internal expanding
type, having a band lined with heat and wear resistant friction material. (Spec 2C)
BAND CLUTCH – Circular type of clutch either of external contracting type or internal
expanding type, having a band lined with heat and wear resistant friction material. (Spec 2C)
BAND-STRAPPING – A method of attaching plastic or metal sheeting to a cylindrical structure
by use of metal bands which encircle the sheeting and secure it in place. (COGWE, SSEID)
BARITE – A native crystalline barium sulfate, which occurs in snow-white crystalline masses,
or grayish, reddish, and greenish ores with a specific gravity of 4 to 4.6. It is used for increasing
the density of well cement slurries and drilling fluids (synonym BARYTES, HEAVY SPAR).
Bul 10C)
BARITE, BARYTES, OR HEAVY SPAR – Natural barium sulfate used for increasing the
density of drilling fluids. If required, it is usually upgraded to a specific gravity of 4.20. The
barite mineral occurs in white, grayish, greenish, and reddish ores or crystalline masses. (Bul
D11)
BARIUM SULFATE – BaSO4. See Barite. (Bul 10C, D11)
BARREL – A volumetric unit of measure used in the petroleum industry consisting of 42
gallons. (Bul D11)
BARREL – The lagging or body portion of a wire rope drum. (Spec 2C)
BARREL – (BBL OR bbl) – A common unit of liquid volume measurement in the petroleum
industry. One barrel (1bbl) is equivalent to 42 gallons (158.97 liters). (WLOP)
BARREL OF CEMENT – A dry weight measure of cement equal to 4 cu. Ft. (0.11 m3) or 376
lb. (171 kg). (Bul 10C)
BARREL OF CEMENT SLURRY – 42 gallons (0.16 m3) of cement slurry. (Bul 10C)
BARREL EQUIVALENT – A laboratory unit used for evaluating or testing drilling fluids. One
gram of material, when added to 350 mL of fluid, is equivalent to 1 lb. (0.45 kg) of material
when added to one 42-gallon (0.16 m3) barrel of fluid. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
BASE – A compound of a metal, or a metal-like group, with hydrogen and oxygen in the
proportion to form an OH- radical, which ionizes in aqueous solution to yield excess hydroxyl
ions. Bases are formed when metallic oxides react with water. Bases increase the pH. Examples
are caustic soda and lime. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
BASIC EXCHANGE – The replacement of cations associated with the clay surface by those of
another species, e.g., the conversion of sodium clay to calcium clay. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
BASE LINE – The “distance” trace (horizontal) across the A-scan CRT display. (RP 2X)
BASE (MOUNTING) – See Pedestal. (Spec 2C)
BASIC SEDIMENT AND WATER (BS&W) – The water and other extraneous material present
in crude oil. (ITOGP)
BASIC SIZE – The theoretical or nominal standard size from which all variations are measured.
(RP 5B1)
BASICITY – The relative base strength of liquids as measured by pH. A pH value above 7. See
pH. (Bul 10C)
BASICITY – pH value above 7. Ability to neutralize or accept protons from acids. (Bul D11)
BATCH – A definite amount of oil, mud, chemicals, cement, or other material in a treatment or
operation. (ITOGP)
BATCH – The quantity of coating material manufactured at one time in a single vessel and
identified by a unique batch number. (RP 5L2)
BATCH – The quantity of material produced during a continuous production run of not more
than 8 hours. (RP 5L7)
BATTERY – Sometimes termed Tank Battery, is an area where storage tanks are installed to
receive produced fluids. May include several tanks, and/or separation and treating equipment.
(WT)
BATTERY (TANK BATTERY) – The production handling equipment on the lease. (ITOGP)
BAY – The section of cylinder between rings. (Bul 2U)
BAY INSTABILITY – Simultaneous lateral buckling of the shell and stringers with the rings
remaining essentially round. (Bul 2U)
BBL – Barrel, a unit of liquid volume measurement. Sometimes shown as bbl. One bbl contains
42 gallons. (SSWID, WT)
BBL/D – Barrels per day. (WLOP)
BCPMM – Barrels condensate per million. Barrels of condensed liquid per million cu. ft. gas.
(WT)
B/D – The abbreviation for barrels per day. Other related abbreviations are: BPD for barrels per
day; BOPD for barrels of oil per day; BWPD for barrels of water per day; BLPD for barrels of
liquid per day. (ITOGP)
B/D – Barrels per day. (Alternate for BBL/D usually used in drilling reports.) (WLOP)
BEACH – Area between the liquid pool and the solids discharge ports in a decanting centrifuge.
(Bul 13C)
BEAM – The walking beam of a pumping unit. (ITOGP)
BEAM ANGLE – The beam angle or angle of incidence is the angle between the normal to a
plan surface of the specimen and the axis of the beam in the specimen. It is a function of the
specimen material. (RP 2X)
BEAM SPREAD – The divergence of the sound beam as it travels through a medium. (RP 2X)
BEAM WELL – A well whose fluid is being lifted by rods and pump actuated by a beam
pumping unit. (ITOGP)
BEAN – A type of choke used to regulate the flow of fluid from a well. Different sizes of beans
are used for different producing rates. (ITOGP)
BEAN – The orifice or designed restriction causing the pressure drop in velocity type SSCSVs.
(RP 14B, Spec 14A)
BEARING – Refer to “Azimuth.” (Bul D20)
BEARING RACEWAY – The surface of the bearing rings which contact the rolling element
(balls or rollers) of the swing bearing assembly. (Spec 2C)
BEARING RING – The rotating and stationary rings that house the rolling elements (balls or
rollers) of the swing bearing assembly. (Spec 2C)
BED DEPTH – Thickness of the layer of material traversing a screen surface. (Bul 13C)
BELL HOLE – A bell-shaped hole dug beneath a pipeline to provide room for use of tools by
workers. (ITOGP)
BELL NIPPLE (MUD RISER FLOW NIPPLE) – A piece of pipe, with inside diameter equal to
or greater than the blowout preventer bore, connected to the top of the blowout preventer or
marine riser with a side outlet to direct the drilling fluid returns to the shale shaker or pit. Usually
has a second side outlet for the fill-up line connection. (RP 53)
BELLOWS – The responsive element of a gas life valve. It performs the same functions the
diaphragm operated valve. It provides an area for pressure to act on and to move the valve stem.
(GL)
BENCH MARKS – Permanent reference points of known elevation usually placed on concrete
foundations, or on top of an iron stake driven securely into the ground. (SSWID)
BENDING MOMENT – The moment tending to bend the drill string or bottom-hole assembly
(refer to “Moment”). (Bul D20)
BENDING STRESS – When the drill stem buckles, each cross-section is subjected to a bending
moment generating a tensile stress on one side and a compressive stress on the other. As the drill
stem rotates these stresses reverse and, consequently, can cause fatigue of the metal. (Bul D20)
BENT SUB – Sub used on top of a downhole motor to give a non-straight bottom assembly. One
of the connecting threads is machined at an angle to the axis of the body of the sub. (Bul D20)
BENTONITE – A highly plastic, highly colloidal clay, largely consisting of the mineral
montmorillonite, a hydrated aluminum silicate. (Bul 10C)
BENTONITE – A plastic, colloidal clay largely made up of the mineral sodium montmorillonite;
a hydrated aluminum silicate. For use in drilling fluids, bentonite has a yield in excess of 85
bbl/ton. The generic term “bentonite” is neither an exact mineralogical name or is the clay of
definite mineralogical composition. (Bul D11)
BEST RECORD – The largest perfect record known to the National Safety Council for a specific
industrial classification, according to Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972 edition.
(Bul T-5)
BEVEL ANGLE – the angle between the weld preparation (and subsequently the fusion line)
and the member surface. (RP 2X)
BHP – Bottom hole pressure.
BHT – Bottom Hole Temperature (F)
BICARB – See Sodium Bicarbonate. (Bul D11)
BIG-EYED BIT – Drill bit with one large sized jet nozzle, used for jet deflection. (Bul D20)
BIMETALLIC CELL – A corrosion cell in which dissimilar metals are connected together
electrically both with a metallic path and with a liquid which is corrosive to at least one of the
metals. (COGWE, SSWID)
BIOASSAY – An assessment or test made using living organisms as the sensors; e.g., a fish
toxicity test. (Bul D11)
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) – A standardized measure of the amount of
oxygen consumed in the biological processes that break down organic matter in water. It is
measured as the quantity of dissolved oxygen (mg/1) required during stabilization of the
decomposable organic mater by aerobic biochemical action. (Bul D11)
BIOCIDE – A chemical agent used to destroy bacteria in water systems. (SSWID)
BIODEGRADABLE – Decomposable as a result of the action of microorganisms. (Bul D11)
BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION – The process by which bacterial and other microorganisms feed
on complex organic materials and decompose them. The process is also called biochemical
oxidation. (Bul D11)
BIOMONITORING – The use of living organisms to test the suitability of effluent for discharge
into receiving waters and to test the quality of such waters downstream from a discharge. (Bul
D11)
BIRD CAGE – To flatten and spread the strands of a cable or wire rope. Also the slatted or
mesh-enclosed cage used to hoist workmen from crew boats to offshore platforms. (ITOGP)
BIT GEOMETRY – Refers to the geometric construction of a bit; i.e., 3-cone, 4-cone, 2-cone,
flat-face, configuration of the teeth, etc. (Bul D20)
BIT HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER (BHHP) – The hydraulic horsepower equivalent of the
gallons per minute and the pressure drop across the bit nozzles.
GPM x psi = BHHP
1,714 (Bul D10)
BIT STABILIZATION – Refers to stabilization of the downhole assembly near the bit; a
stabilized bit is forced to rotate around its own axis. (Bul D20)
BLACK CRESTED THREAD – A thread that does not have a full crest because the original
(black) mill surface has not been completely removed. (Bul 5T1, RP5A5)
BLACK CRESTED THREADS – Threads crests exhibiting the original pipe surface after
machine. (RP 5B1)
BLACK LIGHT – A colloquial expression used to describe Ultraviolet Light (UV). See
ultraviolet light. (RP 5A5)
BLACK WATER – A term generally used to describe water that contains products of corrosion
caused by bacterial action. (SSWID)
BLADE – See Preferred Term: Flute (Bul 13C)
BLANK FLANGE – A solid disk used to dead-end, or close off, a companion flange. (WLOP)
BLANK LINER – A liner without perforations or slots (ITOGP)
BLANK OFF – To close off by sealing or plugging. (ITOGP)
BLEED – To drain off liquid or gas, generally slowly, through a valve called a bleeder. To
BLEED DOWN, or BLEED OFF, means to slowly release the pressure of a well or of
pressurized equipment. (ITOGP)
BLEEDER VALVE – A small valve on a pipeline, pump, or tank from which samples are drawn
or to vent air or oil; sample valve. (ITOGP)
BLEEDING – Separation of the liquid phase in a cement slurry due to settling of solids. See Free
Water. (Bul 10C)
BLIND – To close a line to prevent flow. (ITOGP)
BLIND FLANGE – (Also a BLANK FLANGE.) A solid disc used to dead end a companion
flange. (ITOGP)
BLIND RAM – An integral part of a “blowout preventer,” serving as the closing element. The
ends of a blind ram are not intended to fit around the drill pipe but to seal against each other and
shut off completely the space below. (See Ram.) (WLOP)
BLIND RAMS (BLANK, MASTER) – Rams whose ends are not intended to seal against any
drill pipe or casing. They seal against each other to effectively close the hole. (RP 53)
BLIND/SHEAR RAMS – Blind rams with a built-in cutting edge that will shear tubulars that
may be in the hole, thus allowing the blind rams to seal the hole. Used primarily in subsea
systems. (RP 53)
BLINDING – (See Related Term: Coating and Plugging.) A reduction of open area in a
screening surface caused by coating or plugging. (Bul 13C)
BLISTER – A raised spot on the surface of pipe caused by expansion of gas in a cavity within
the pipe wall. (Bul 5T1)
BLOCKS, CROWN AND TRAVELING – The fixed upper and movable lower blocks
respectively of the block and tackle assembly on a rig that raises and lowers the drill string or
tubing. (RP 54)
BLOOIE LINE – Flow line for air or gas drilling. (Bul D11)
BLOWDOWN VALVE – An automatically operated normally open valve used to vent the
pressure from a process station on shutdown. (RP 14C)
BLOWOUT – An uncontrolled flow of well fluids from the wellbore. (Bul 10C)
BLOWOUT – An uncontrolled flow of well fluids and/or formation fluids from the wellbore
caused by the formation pressure being greater than the hydrostatic head of the fluid in the hole.
See Underground Blowout. (Bul D11)
BLOWOUT – An uncontrolled flow of gas, oil, or other fluids from a well. (ITOGP)
BLOWOUT – An uncontrolled flow of well fluids and/or formation fluids from the wellbore or
into lower pressured subsurface zones (underground blowout). (RP 53, RP 54)
BLOWOUT – A temporary uncontrolled flow of gas, oil, or other well fluids from a well to the
atmosphere. A well blows out when formation pressure exceeds the pressure being applied to it
by the column of drilling fluids and measures are unsuccessful in rectifying this situation. Early
day gushers were blowouts. (WLOP)
BLOWOUT PREVENTER – A device attached immediately above the casing, which can be
closed to shut off the hole should a blowout threaten. (Bul 10C)
BLOWOUT PREVENTER (BOP) – The equipment installed at the wellhead for the purpose of
controlling pressures in the annular space between the casing and drill pipe (or tubing) during
drilling, completion and certain workover operations. (ITOGP)
BLOWOUT PREVENTER – A device attached to the casinghead that allows the well to be
sealed to confine the well fluids in the wellbore. (RP 53)
BLOWOUT PREVENTER – A device attached to the wellhead that allows the well to be sealed
with or without a string of pipe or wireline in the wellbore. (RP 54)
BLOWOUT PREVENTER AND PLATFORM (BOP) – Equipment installed at the surface,
below the drilling floor on land and platform rigs and on the seafloor of floating offshore rigs to
prevent the escape of pressure either in the annular space between the casing and drill pipe or in
an open hole during drilling and completion operations. Also used during some workover
operations. (WLOP)
BLOWOUT PREVENTER, ANNULAR TYPE – A device which can form a seal in the annular
space around any object in the wellbore or upon itself. Compression of a reinforced elastomer
packing element by hydraulic pressure effects the seal. (RP 57)
BLOWOUT PREVENTER DRILL – A training procedure to determine that rig crews are
familiar with correct operating practices to be followed in the use of blowout prevention
equipment. A “dry run” of blowout preventive action. (RP 53)
BLOWOUT PREVENTER OPERATING AND CONTROL SYSTEM (CLOSING UNIT) – The
assembly of pumps, valves, lines, accumulators, and other items necessary to open and close the
blowout preventer equipment. (RP 53)
BLOWOUT PREVENTER, RAM TYPE – A device designed to form a seal on the hole with no
pipe or in the annular space with pipe in the hole. The equipment can use pipe rams, blind rams,
or blind/shear/cutter rams to affect the required seal, according to equipment availability,
arrangement of the equipment, and/or existing well conditions. Pipe rams have ends contoured
to seal around pipe to close and seal the annular space. Blind rams have ends not intended to
seal against any tubulars, rather they seal against each other to effectively close and seal the
wellbore. Blind/shear/cutter rams are blind rams equipped with a built-in cutting edge that wil
shear tubulars that may be in the hole, thus allowing the blind rams to close against each other
and seal the wellbore. (RP57)
BLOWOUT PREVENTER REMOTE CONTROL – A control that actuates the blowout
preventer from a position apart from the blowout preventer. (RP 54)
BLOWOUT PREVENTER STACK – The assembly of well control equipment including
preventers, spools, valves, and nipples connected to the top of the casinghead. (RP 53)
BLOWOUT PREVENTER TEST TOOL – A tool to allow pressure testing of the blowout
preventer stack and accessory equipment by sealing the wellbore immediately below the stack.
(RP 53)
BLPD – Barrels of total liquid per day.
BLUFF BODY – An opaque object located in a fluid flow stream and developing a high drag
force because it lacks streamlining. (RP 2T)
BLUNT START – The removal of the partial thread at the entering end of thread. (RP 5B1)
BOD – The amount of dissolved oxygen consumed in five days by biological processes breaking
down organic matter in an effluent. See Biochemical Oxygen Demand. (Bul D11)
BODY – Any portion of API equipment between end connections, with or without internal parts,
which contains wellbore pressure. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
BOILERHOUSE – To make up a report on a condition as fact without knowledge of its
accuracy. Sometimes referred to as “doghouse.” (Bul D11)
BOILERHOUSE – To make up or fake a report without actually doing the work. (ITOGP)
BOLL WEEVIL – Any inexperienced worker or “hand.” (ITOGP)
BOLL WEEVIL – An inexperienced rig or oil-field employee (slang). Sometimes the word is
shortened simply to “weevil.” (WLOP)
BOLTING – Threaded fasteners (studs, nuts, bolts and capscrews) used to assemble pressure
containing parts or join end or outlet connections. (Spec 6A,Spec 16A)
BOMB – A tick-walled container, usually made of steel, that is used to receive samples of oil or
gas under pressure or to measure and record the pressure at a point in the well. (See Bottom Hole
Pressure.) (WLOP)
BOND – Adhering, binding, or joining of two materials; e.g., cement to casing. (Bul 10C)
BONDING – The state of bond between cement and casing and/or formation. (Bul 10C)
BONNET – The part of a valve that packs off and encloses the valve stem. (ITOGP)
BONNET – A pressure-containing closure for a body, other than an API end or outlet
connection. (Sec 6A)
BOOM – A floating fence-like device that is used to contain oil on a body of water. (Bul D11)
BOOM – A member hinged to the revolving upperstructure and used for supporting the hoist
tackle. (Spec 2C)
BOOM ANGLE – The angle above or below horizontal of the longitudinal axis of the base boom
section. (Spec 2C)
BOOM CHORD – A main corner member of a lattice type boom. (Spec 2C)
BOOM EXTENSION – Intermediate section of a telescoping boom. (Spec 2C)
BOOM FOOT PIN – The boom pivot point on the upperstructure. (Spec 2C)
BOOM HOIST MECHANISM – Means for supporting the boom and controlling the boom
angle. (Spec 2C)
BOOM HOIST WIRE ROPE – Wire rope that operates on a drum controlling the angle
positioning of the boom. (Spec 2C)
BOOM LACING – Structural truss members at angles to and supporting the boom chords of a
lattice type boom. (Spec 2)
BOOM LENGTH – The straight line distance form the centerline of boom foot pin to centerline
of boom point load hoist sheave pin, measured along the longitudinal axis of the boom. (Spec
2C)
BOOM LIFE CYLINDER – Means for supporting the boom and controlling the boom angle.
(Spec 2C)
BOOM POINT SHEAVE ASSEMBLY – An assembly of sheaves and pin built as an integral
part of the boom point. (Spec 2C)
BOOM SPLICES – Splicing connections for sections of basic crane boom and additional
sections usually of the splice plate type, pin type or butt type. (Spec 2C)
BOOM STOP – A device used to limit the angle of the boom at the highest recommended
position. (Spec 2C)
BOOM TIP EXTENSION – See Jib. (Spec 2C)
BOOT – A tall section of large-size pipe used as a surge column on a vessel. (ITOGP)
BOP – Blow Out Preventer
BOPD – Barrels of oil per day
BOREHOLE- The wellbore; the hole made by drilling or boring a well. (Bul D20)
BOREHOLE AXIS – Refer to “Hole Axis.” (Bul D20)
BOREHOLE DIRECTION – Refers to the azimuth in which the borehole is heading. (Bul D20)
BOREHOLE DIRECTIONAL SURVEY – Refers to the measurements of the inclinations,
azimuths, and specified depths of the stations through a section of borehole. (Bul D20)
BOREHOLE SURVEY CALCULATION METHODS – Refer to “Wellbore Survey Calculation
Methods.” (Bul D20)
BORESCOPE – A long optical instrument with an illuminating lamp for inspecting the inside
surface of a pipe. (RP 5A5)
BOTTOM – See Preferred Term: Underflow Opening. (Bul 13C)
BOTTOM CASING PACKOFF – A mechanism that seals off annular pressure between the OD
of a suspended tubular member or hanger and the ID of the spool or trubing head adapter being
placed over the suspended tubular or hanger. (Spec 6A)
BOTTOM FLOODING – The behavior of a hydrocyclone when the underflow discharges in a
liquid stream. (Bul 13C)
BOTTOM-HOLE – The lowest or deepest part of a borehole. (Bul D20, ITOGP, WLOP)
BOTTOM-HOLE ASSEMBLY – Assembly composed of the bit, stabilizers, reamers, drill
collars, subs, etc., used at the bottom of the drill string. Sometimes abbreviated as BHA. (Bul
D20)
BOTTOM-HOLE BACK TORQUE – Torque on the drill stem causing a twisting of the string
(refer to “Pipe Wind-up Angle”). (Bul D20)
BOTTOM HOLE CHOKE – A device with a restricted opening placed in the lower end of the
tubing to control the rate of liquid or gas flow to the surface. (See Choke.) (WLOP)
BOTTOM-HOLE LOCATION – Position of the bottom of the hole given with respect to some
known surface location. (Bul D20)
BOTTOM-HOLE ORIENTATIONS SUB – A sub in which a free-floating ball rolls to the low
side and opens a port indicating an orientation position (refer to “Hydraulic Orientating Sub”).
Sometimes abbreviated as BHO sub. (Bul D20)
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE – The pressure in a well at a point opposite the production
formation, usually recorded by a bottom hole pressure instrument popularly called a “bomb.”
The “bomb” houses a precision gage and is usually lowered on a wireline. (See Bomb.) (WLOP)
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE – Pressure in a wellbore at the depth of the producing interval.
Usually recorded by gage run on wire line. (WT)
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE – The pressure at the bottom of a well generally associated with
the pore pressure of the formation open to the well. (Bul 10C)
BOTTOM-HOLE ROLL-OFF – Refer to “Roll Off.” (Bul D20)
BOTTOM HOLE TEST ADAPTER – See Top Connection. (Spec 6A)
BOTTOM WATER – Water occurring below the oil and gas in a production formation. (ITOGP)
BOTTOMHOLE PRESSURE – Pressure at some given depth in the well, usually opposite the
producing formation. (GL)
BOUND LIQUID – See Preferred Term: Adsorbed Liquid. (Bul 13C)
BOUNDARY ECHO – A reflection of an ultrasonic wave from an interface. (RP 2X)
BOWL – The outer rotating chamber of a decanting centrifuge. (Bul 13C)
BOWL – A device that fits in the rotary table or wellhead to hold the wedges or slips that
support a string of drill pipe, casing or tubing while tripping in or out of the hole. (ITOGP)
BRACES – Structural members that serve to stiffen the hull structure and provide deck support.
(RP 2T)
BRACKISH WATER – Water containing low concentrations of any soluble salts. (Bul 10C, Bul
D11)
BRADENHEAD GAS – See Casinghead Gas. (ITOGP)
BRADENHEAD SQUEEZE – The process by which hydraulic pressure is applied to a well to
force fluid such as cement outside the wellbore. Annular returns may be prevented by closing
the casinghead valves instead of having a packer in the hole. (RP 57)
BRAIDED LINE – See Stranded Line. (WLOP)
BRAKE – A device used for retarding or stopping motion or holding. (Spec 2C)
BRAKE HORSEPOWER (BHP) – The horsepower output of an engine or motor measurable by
a special brake or a dynamometer. (Bul D10)
BRAKE SHOE – That part of a shoe-type brake or clutch which makes contact with brake drum.
(Spec 2C)
BRAKING CAPACITY – the load which the drawworks brake and auxiliary brake can retard to
a constant reasonable speed, or hold. (Bul D10)
BRASS – An alloy of copper (60 percent or over) and zinc. (COGWE, SSWID)
BREAK CIRCULATION – To start movement of the drilling fluid after it has been quiescent in
the hole. (Bul D11)
BREAK OUT – To unscrew one section of pipe from another section. (ITOGP)
BREAKING OUT PIPE – Operation of unscrewing of a pipe section. (RP 54)
BREAKOUT, OIL – Oil that has risen to the surface of the drilling fluid which previously had
been combined in the fluid as emulsion. (Bul D11)
BREECHING – An extension of the firetube outside of the vessel which is being heated. The
arrestor breeching serves as the attachment for the flame arrestor and surrounds the mechanical
devices such as mixer, igniter, etc. (RP 12N)
BRIDGE – An obstruction in a well formed by intrusion of subsurface formations. (Bul D11)
BRIDGING – See Preferred term: Plugging. (Bul 13C)
BRIDGING MATERIAL –Fibrous, flaky, or granular material added to a cement slurry or
drilling fluid to aid in sealing formations in which lost circulation has occurred. See Lost
Circulation Material. (Bul 10C)
BRIDLE – See Floating Harness. (Spec 2C)
BRINE – Water that has a large quantity of salt, especially sodium chloride, dissolved in it. Salt
Water. (ITOGP, WLOP)
BRINE – Water containing relatively high to saturation concentrations of common salt (NaCl)
and relatively low concentration of other salts of calcium, magnesium, zinc, etc. (Bul 10C)
BRINE – Water saturated with or containing a high concentration of common salt (sodium
chloride); hence, any strong saline solution containing such other salts as calcium chloride, zinc
chloride, calcium nitrate, etc. (Bul D11)
BRING BOTTOMS UP – To wash rock cuttings form the bottom of the hole to the surface by
maintaining circulation after halting the drilling operation. This allows time for the closer
inspection of the cuttings and for a decision as to how to proceed when encountering a certain
formation. (Bul 10C)
BRING IN A WELL – To complete a well and put it on production. (ITOGP)
BRINGING IN A WELL – The act of completing a well and bringing it into actual production
status. (Bul 10C)
BROKEN THREAD – A thread tooth that exhibits a fracture through it, or that has a portion
missing with its remaining surfaces having a broken appearance. (Bul 5T1)
BROMINE VALUE – The number of centigrams of bromine which are absorbed by 1 g of oil
under certain conditions. This is a test for the degree of unsaturatedness of a given oil. (Bul D11)
BRONZE – An alloy of tin (usually under 12 percent) and copper. Frequently used as a name for
brass. (COGWE, SSWID)
BROWNIAN MOVEMENT – Continuous, irregular motion exhibited by particles suspended in
a liquid or gaseous medium, usually as a colloidal dispersion. (Bul D11)
BS OR BS&W – Common abbreviation used for base sediment, or base sediment and water.
(Bul D11)
BS&W – This term refers to basic sediment and water and is commonly used as a measure of
treating performance. Treating performance is highly variable, but most crude oils are treated to
a range of 0.2 to 3.0 percent BS&W. ASTM Standard Test No. D96-82 entitled Water and
Sediment in Crude Oils is an accepted standard for this test. (Spec 12L)
BS&W – Basic sediment and water. Water and other foreign matter in crude oil produced. This
must be reduced to a very small percentage before delivering to crude purchaser. (WT)
BTU (BRITISH THERMAL UNIT) – A measure of the heating value of a fuel. (ITOGP)
BUBBLE CAP – A metal cap designed with openings to cause the upward-flowing gas
“bubbles” in a gas-processing tower to intimately contact downward-flowing liquids, causing
some of the gas to condense to liquid. Bubble caps are mounted on a perforated-steel BUBBLECAP
TRAY. (ITOGP)
BUBBLE POINT – The state of a liquid-phase system when it is in equilibrium with an
infinitesimal amount of vapor phase. (RP 44)
BUBBLE-POINT PRESSURE – The fluid pressure in a system at its bubble point. (Often used
interchangeably with “saturation pressure.”) (RP 44)
BUCK UP – To tighten a threaded connection. (ITOGP)
BUCKLE – A distortion, bend, or kink. (Bul D20)
BUFFER – Any substance or combination of substances which, when dissolved in water,
produces a solution which resists a change in its hydrogen ion concentration upon the addition of
acid or base. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
BUFFER CAPACITY – The ability of a solution to maintain a definite pH when subjected to the
action of certain chemicals. (Bul D11)
BUILD ANGLE – The act of increasing the inclination of the drilled hole; the rate of change
(degrees/100 ft.) of the increasing angle in the hole. (Bul D20)
BUILD-AND-HOLD WELLBORE – A wellbore configuration where the inclination is
increased to some terminal angle of inclination and maintained at that angle to the specified
target. (Bul D20)
BUILDUP – That portion of the hole in which the inclination angle is increased; rate of buildup
is usually expressed as the angular increase per 100 feet of measured depth. (Bul D20)
BULKHEAD – Stiffened vertical or horizontal load bearing diaphragm. (RP 2T)
BULL GEAR – See Swing Gear. (Spec 2C)
BULL PLUG – A threaded nipple with a rounded, closed end used to close a wellhead or
flowline opening or close off the end of a line. (WLOP)
BULLHEAD SQUEEZE – The process by which hydraulic pressure is applied to a well to force
fluid such as cement outside the wellbore. Annular flow (returns) is prevented by a packer set in
the casing above the perforation and/or in open hole. (RP 57)
BUMP A WELL (BUMP DOWN – To lower a sucker-rod string on a pumping unit so that the
pump hits bottom on the downstroke. (ITOGP)
BUMPER JAR – See Jar. (WLOP)
BUOYANCY – Buoyancy devices or flotation added to the riser joints to reduce their submerged
weight. (RP 2R)
BUOYANCY EQUIPMENT – Devices added to tendon or riser joints to reduce their weight in
water, thereby reducing top tension requirements. The devices normally used for risers take the
form of syntactic foam modules or open-bottom air chambers. (RP 2T)
BURNER SYSTEM – Firing the heater requires a burner system designed for the specific fuel to
be used and may be either natural or forced draft design. When multiple U-tubes are used, they
should be designed to use separate burners, pilots and stacks. The burner system includes the
firing accessories, intake flame arrestors and other optional burner accessories. (Spec 12K)
BURR – A localized point of roughness, or a thin ridge or protrusion, produced by mechanical
damage or in machining the thread or chamfer. (Bul 5T1)
BUTT-WELDED PIPE (INCLUDING CONTINUOUS-WELD PROCESS) – Pipe having one
longitudinal seam formed by mechanical pressure to make the welded junction, the edges being
furnace heated to the welding temperature prior to welding. (Spec 5L)
BWPD – Barrels of water per day
BYPASS – Usally refers to a pipe connection around a valve or other control mechanism. A
bypass is installed in such cases to permit passage of fluid through the bypass line while
adjustments or repairs are made on the control which is bypassed. (RP 54)
-C –
C-AXIS – The principal crystallographic axis perpendicular to the direction of growth. (Bul 2N)
CAB – An enclosure for the operator and the controls for machine operation. (Spec 2C)
CABLE –
Impervious Sheathed Cable – Cable constructed with an impervious metallic or nonmetallic
overall covering that prevents the entrance of gases, moisture or vapors into the insulated
conductor or cable.
Jacketed Cable – Cable with a nonmetallic protective covering.
Marine Cable – Same as shipboard cable.
MC Cable – Metal-clad cable as defined by Article 334 of the NEC.
MI Cable – Mineral-insulated metal-sheathed cable as defined by Article 330 of the NEC.
MV Cable – Medium voltage solid dielectric insulated conductor or cable rated 2001 to
35000 volts as defined by Article 326 of the NEC.
Shipboard Cable – Cable constructed in accordance with IEEE Std. 45.
SNM Cable – Shielded nonmetallic-sheathed cable as defined by Article 337 of the NEC.
TC Cable – Power and control tray cable as defined by Article 340 of the NEC. (RP 14F)
CABLE – A flexible electrical conductor. (Spec 2C)
CABLE SEAL – A cable terminator filled with compound and designed to contain an explosion
in the enclosure to which it is attached. A conduit seal may also be used as a cable seal. (RP
14F)
CABLE-TOOL DRILLING – A method of drilling a well by allowing a weighted bit at the
bottom of a cable to fall against the formation being penetrated. See Rotary Drilling. (Bul 10C)
CABLE-TOOL DRILLING – A method of drilling a well by allowing a weighted bit at the
bottom of a cable to fall against the formation being penetrated. See Rotary Drilling. (Bul D11)
CAGE – The part of a pump valve which holds the ball to limit its movement. (ITOGP)
CAKE CONSISTENCY – According to API RP 13B, such notations as “hard,” “soft,” “tough,”
“rubbery,” “firm,” etc., may be used to convey some idea of cake consistency. (Bul 10C, Bul
D11)
CAKE, FILTER – See Filter Cake. (Bul 10C)
CAKE THICKNESS – The measurement of the thickness of the filter cake deposited by a
drilling fluid against a porous medium, most often following the standard API filtration test.
Cake thickness is usually reported in 32nd of an inch (0.794 mm). See Filter Cake and Wall
Cake. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
CALCAREOUS COATING – A chalky coating of calcium carbonate and/or magnesium
hydroxide. (COGWE, SSWID)
CALCIUM – An alkaline earth element with valence of 2 and an atomic weight of about 40.
(Bul 10C)
CALCIUM – One of the alkaline earth elements with a valence of 2 and an atomic weight of
about 40. Calcium compounds are a common cause of the hardness of water. It is also a
component of lime, gypsum, limestone, etc. (Bul D11)
CALCIUM ALUMINATE CEMENT – The product obtained by pulverizing clinker which
consists of hydraulic calcium aluminates formed by fusing or sintering a suitably proportioned
mixture of aluminous and calcareous materials. (Bul 10C)
CALCIUM CARBONATE (CaCO3) – A slightly soluble calcium salt (limestone, oyster shells,
etc.) sometimes used as a weighting material, and also as a standard unit for expressing hardness
of water. (Bul 10C)
CALCIUM CARBONATE (CaCO3) – An insoluble calcium salt sometimes used as a weighting
material (limestone, oyster shell, etc.), in specialized drilling fluids. It is also used as a unit
and/or standard to report hardness. (Bul D11)
CALCIUM CHLORIDE (CaCL2) – A highly soluble salt which imparts special properties to
drilling fluids, but primarily to increase the density of the fluids and to accelerate the hydration
reaction of cement and water. See Accelerator. (Bul 10C)
CALCIUM CHLORIDE (CaCL2) – A very soluble calcium salt sometimes added to drilling
fluids to impart special properties, but primarily to increase the density of the fluid phase. (Bul
D11)
CALCIUM CONTAMINATION – Dissolved calcium ions in sufficient concentration to impart
undesirable properties to a drilling fluid. (Bul 10C)
CALCIUM CONTAMINATION – Dissolved calcium ions in sufficient concentration to impart
undesirable properties in a drilling fluid, such as flocculation, reduction in yield of bentonite,
increase in fluid loss, etc. See also Calcium Sulfate, Gyp, Anhydrite, Lime, Calcium Carbonate.
(Bul D11)
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE [CA(OH)2 ] – The active ingredient of slaked lime and also a
hydrolytic constituent of Portland cement. In field technology it is called “lime.” (Bul 10C)
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE – Ca(OH)2 – The active ingredient of slake lime. It is also the main
constituent in cement (when wet). This material is referred to as “lime” in field terminology.
(Bul D11)
CALCIUM SULFATE – Anhydrite (CaSO4), gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), hemihydrate (CaSO4 .1/2
H2 O), or combination of these. (Bul 10C)
CALCIUM SULFATE – Anhydrite: CaSO4; plaster of paris; (CaSO4 .1/2 H2O); gypsum: CaSO4
.2H2O). Calcium sulfate occurs in drilling fluids as a contaminant or may be added to certain
drilling fluids to impart special properties. (Bul D11)
CALCIUM-TREATED MUDS – Drilling fluids to which quantities of soluble calcium
compounds have been added or allowed to remain from the formation drilled in order to impart
special properties. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
CALCULATION METHODS – Refer to “Wellborne Survey Calculation Methods.” (Bul D20)
CALCULATION SHEET – Refer to “Wellbore Survey Calculation Methods.” (Bul D20)
CALENDAR YEAR – The period of time from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, inclusive (Bul T-5)
CALIBRATION – The adjustment of instruments, prior to use, to a known basic reference often
traceable to the National Bureau of Standards. (RP 5A5)
CALIBRATION – Comparison and adjustment to a standard of know accuracy. (Spec 6A, Spec
16A, Spec Q1)
CALIBRATION – Measurement correction by comparison to a standard of known dimension.
(WT)
CALIPER LOG – A record of the diameter of the wellbore or the internal diameter of tubular
goods. The log indicates undue enlargement of the wellbore due to caving, washout, or other
causes. (WLOP)
CALIPER SURVEY (LOG) – A well log which measures hole diameter. Also called “section
gauge” logs which are made from tools with many “fingers” used to measure the corrosion of
casing and tubing. (Bul 10C)
CANT ANGLE – Orientation of sound beam relative to axis of member. (RP 2X)
CAPACITY – See Related Terms: Feed Capacity, Liquid Capacity, Solids Discharge Capacity.
(Bul 13C)
CAPACITY – Ability of a reservoir to receive water. (SSWID)
CAPACITY – Maximum throughput, maximum producing rate, or maximum content possible
for a given set of conditions. (WT)
CAPACITY INDEX – An indication of the capacity of an injection well to take water. It is
usually measured in barrels per hour per pound increase in bottom-hole pressure. (SSWID)
CAPACITY REDUCTION FACTOR (aij) – Coefficient which accounts for the effects of shape
imperfections, non-linear behavior and boundary conditions (other than classical simply
supported) on the buckling capacity of the shell. (Bul 2U)
CAPILLARY WATER RISE – The rise of water in a loosely compacted material such as a sand
fill, due to capillary forces. (COGWE, SSWID)
CAPITAL INVESTMENT – Funds spent to acquire additions to assets for the betterment of the
operation. Depreciation is taken on such expenditures rather than charging them off as expense
or operating cost. (SSWID)
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) – A colorless, odorless, nonpoisonous gas that is a normal part of
the ambient air. Dissolved in the aqueous phase of drilling fluids, C02 may contribute to
corrosivity of these fluids or to unstable rheological properties. (Bul D11)
CARCINOGEN – A substance or agent producing or inciting cancerous growths in living
tissues. (Bul D11)
CASED HOLE – A wellbore in which casing has been run. (ITOGP)
CASING – Pipe used in wells to seal off the borehole. (Spec 6A)
CASING – Steel pipe used in oil wells to seal off fluids from the bore hole and to prevent the
walls of the hole form sloughing off or caving. API casing sizes range from 4 ½ in. OD to 20 in.
OD inclusive. (RP 5A5)
CASING – Pipe installed in the wellbore and usually cemented in place to retain the borehole
dimension and seal off hydrocarbon and water-bearing formations. (RP54)
CASING – Steel pipe placed in an oil or gas well as drilling progresses. The function of casing
is to prevent the wall of the hole from caving during drilling, provide control of the well if it tries
to blow out, and limit oil or gas production to the zone perforated or open. (WLOP)
CASING CEMENTING – The practice of filling an annulus with cement slurry. (Bul 10C)
CASING FLOW – (Same as annular flow.) (GL)
CASING HANGERS (SLIPS) – A mechanism used to support a casing string in a casing head
by gripping the pipe with wedge type members. (See Spec 6A)
CASING HANGERS, THREADED (MANDREL) – A mechanism used to support a casing
string in a casing head by means of a male or female thread attached to the casing. (Spec 6A)
CASING HEAD HOUSING – Equipment attached to the uppermost end of the surface casing
which serves to suspend and seal a casing string. (Spec 6A)
CASING HEAD SPOOL – Equipment attached to another casing head which serves to suspend
and seal a secondary casing string. (Spec 6A)
CASING PRESSURE – Pressure built up in an annulus. (Bul 10C)
CASING PRESSURE – Pressure measured at a wellhead casing outlet. (ITOGP)
CASING PRESSURE – The pressured, measured at the surface, within the well casing. (GL)
CASING PRESSURE – The pressure built up in the annular space between casing strings, casing
and tubing, or casing and drill pipe. (WLOP)
CASING STRING – The pipe run in a well, for example: surface string, intermediate string,
production string, etc. (ITOGP)
CASINGHEAD – A heavy, steel, flanged fitting that connects to the surface string of casing and
provides a housing for the slips and packing assemblies by which intermediate strings of casing
are suspended and the annulus sealed off. (WLOP)
CASINGHEAD GAS – Associated and dissolved gas produced with crude oil; oil well gas.
(ITOGP)
CASINGHEAD/SPOOL – The part of the wellhead to which the blowout preventer stack is
connect. (RP 53)
CAST IRON – An alloy of iron and about 2 to 4 percent carbon.
A. Grey cast iron: The graphite (carbon) is present as flakes. This makes a fracture appear grey.
B. White cast iron: The carbon is present as carbides. With no graphite to color it, a fracture
appears metallic white. (COGWE, SSWID)
CASTING – (1) An object at or near finished shape obtained by solidification of a substance in
a mold; (2) Pouring molten metal into a mold to produce an object of desired shape. (Spec 6A,
Spec 16A)
CATHEAD – A spool-shaped attachment on a winch around which rope is wound for hoisting
and pulling. (ITOGP)
CATHODE – The portion of a corrosion cell which does not corrode. Reduction always occurs
at cathode. (COGWE, SSWID)
CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) – A vacuum tube with a luminescent screen often used for
viewing ultrasonic echo signals or for video readout of computer stored data. (RP 5A5)
CATION – The positively charged particle in the solution of an electrolyte which, under the
influence of an electrical potential, moves toward the cathode (negative electrode). Examples
are: Na+, H+, NH4
+, Ca++, Mg++, Al+++. (Bul D11)
CATLINE – A hoisting or pulling line operated form a cathead. (ITOGP)
CATLINE, CATHEAD – Catline is a line powered by the cathead, which is a concave, rotating,
pulley-type device mounted on the end of a shaft of the drawworks. Catlines are used to lift or
pull equipment around a rig. (RP 54)
CAT WALK – A narrow walkway. (ITOGP)
CATWALK – Elongated platform adjacent to the rig floor where pipe is laid out and lifted into
the derrick. The catwalk is connected to the rig floor by a pipe ramp. (RP 54)
CAUSTIC OR CAUSTIC SODA – See Sodium Hydroxide. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
CAVE-IN – See Sloughing. Cave-in is a severe form of sloughing. (Bul D11)
CAVERNOUS FORMATION – A formation having voluminous voids. (Bul 10C)
CAVERNOUS FORMATION – A formation having voluminous voids, usually the result of
dissolving by formation waters which may or may not be still present. (Bul D20)
CAVING – Collapse of the walls of the wellbore: falling in of the material surrounding the
borehole; sloughing. (Bul D20)
CC OR CUBIC CENTIMETER – A metric system unit for the measure of volume. It is
essentially equal to the milliliter and commonly used interchangeably. One cubic centimeter of
water at room temperature weights approximately 1g. (Bul D11)
CELLAR – A hole dug, usually before drilling a deep well, to allow working space for the
casinghead equipment. (ITOGP)
CELLAR – Excavation around the wellhead to provide space for items of equipment at the top of
the wellbore. It also serves as a pit to collect drainage of water and other liquids. (RP 54)
CEMENT –
API Classes – Cement (Classes A through J) meeting the applicable requirements of API Spec
10.
ASTM Types – Cement (Types I through V) meeting the applicable requirements of Standard
Specifications for Portland Cement ASTM C150.
Common, Regular or Ordinary – A cement intended for use under conditions not requiring
moderate to high sulfate resistance. Corresponds to API Class A or Class C which are similar to
ASTM Type I or Type III cements, respectively.
Construction – See Common, Regular or Ordinary.
Gel Cement – A cement or cement slurry that has been modified by the addition of bentonite.
Gypsum Cement – Composed primarily of the hemihydrate form of calcium sulfate, CaSO4 –
1/2H20 (Plaster of Paris)
High Alumina – See Calcium Aluminate Cement.
High Early – (a) – API Class C cement; (b) ASTM Type III cement.
High Temperature – A cement designed to overcome strength retrogression within the
temperature limits designated by the supplier.
Hydraulic Cement – A cement that sets and hardens by chemical interaction with water and that
is capable of doing so under water.
Modified Cement – A cement whose properties, chemical or physical, have been altered by
additives. This term has been used to refer to specific formulations of gel cement containing
certain concentrations of dispersing agent.
Neat – A cement paste or slurry containing no additives.
Well – Cement or mixture of cement with other materials that is intended for us in oil, gas,
geothermal or water wells.
Ordinary – See Common, Ordinary or Regular Cement.
Portland – Hydraulic cement produced by pulverizing clinkers consisting essentially of hydraulic
calcium silicates and usually containing one or more of the forms of calcium sulfate as an
interground addition.
Portland-Blast Furnace Slag – An intimate and uniform blend of Portland cement (or clinker) and
fine granulated blast furnace slag in which the amount of slag is within specified limits.
Portland-Pozzolan – A hydraulic cement consisting of an intimate and uniform blend of Portland
cement or portland blast furnace slag cement and fine pozzolan produced by intergrinding
portland cement clinker and pozzolan, by blending portland cement or portland blast furnace slag
cement and finely divided pozzolan, or a combination of intergrinding and blending, in which the
amount of the pozzolan constituent is within specified limits.
Regular – See Common Ordinary or Regular Cement.
Retarded Cement – A cement in which the thickening time is extended by adding a chemical
retarder.
Slag Cement – See Granulated Blast Furnace Slag.
Slow-Set Cement – A cement in which the thickening time is extended by (1) eliminating the
rapid hydrating components in its composition or (2) by adding a chemical retarder. API Classes
D, E, and F are slow-set cements.
Suflate-Resistant Cement – Cements which meet applicable requirements of API Spec 10.
Weighted Cement – A cement slurry containing additives to increase its normal density. (Bul
10C)
CEMENT – A mixture of calcium aluminates and silicates made by combining lime and clay
while heating. Slaked cement contains about 62.5 percent calcium hydroxide, which is the major
source of trouble when cement contaminates drilling fluids. (Bul D11)
CEMENT ADDITIVES – See Additive. (Bul 10C)
CEMENT BOND LOG – A well log of the vibrations of an ultrasonic acoustical signal as it
passes through a four phase system of fluid, pipe, cement and formation. If the pipe is not
acoustically coupled tightly with a dampening material such as cement, very little energy of the
acoustical signal is lost. If the cement is bonded or acoustically coupled tight to the pipe, the
energy is extremely dampened and the signal nearly disappears, thereby indicating that the
casing is well cemented. The log may consist of (1) a collar log, (2) a transit time curve
recording the time of the first arrival of the acoustical signal, (3) an amplitude curve which
represents the amplitude of a selected portion of the acoustical wave, and (4) a display of the
acoustical wave as x-y signatures or a variable density version of the signatures. (Bul 10C)
CEMENT DENSITY – The specific gravity of a well cement as determined by a method similar
to ASTM C 188: Test for Density of Hydraulic Cement. Most portland cements have a specific
gravity of about 3.15 when tested by this method. Cement density should not be confused with
slurry density. (Bul 10C)
CEMENT DUMP BAILER – A cylindrical container with a valve that is used to release small
batches of cement downhole in a remedial cementing operating or for other special purposes.
(WLOP)
CEMENT PLUG – A portion of cement placed at some point in the wellbore to effect a sealing
action. (WLOP)
CEMENT SYSTEM – The combination of materials which make up well cement formulations.
(Bul 10C)
CEMENTATION – The binding or cementing together of unconsolidated particles. (SSWID)
CEMENTING – The process of pumping a cementitious slurry into a well through steel pipe to
critical points in the annulus or open hole. Cementing is performed to isolate different zones in
the well, protect the pipe from corrosive fluids, support the pipe in the hole, or repair previous
cement jobs. (Bul 10C)
CEMENTING – The act of making cement into a slurry and pumping it into a wellbore to
perform functions such as supporting casing, isolating formations behind casing, protecting fresh
water sands, and sealing perforations in casing. (RP 54)
CEMENTING TIME – The total elapsed time for a cementing operation from the beginning of
mixing until the completion of displacement to final depth and complete circulation of any
excess slurry to the surface. (Bul 10C)
CENTER PIN (KING PIN) – Vertical pin or shaft which acts as rotation centering device and
connects revolving upperstructure and base mount. (Spec 2C)
CENTER POST (KING POST) – A tubular member which acts as the centerline of rotation and
as the connective member to the platform. (Spec 2C)
CENTIPOISE (CP) – A unit of viscosity equal to 0.01 poise. A poise equals 1 g per metersecond,
and a centipoise is 1 g per centimeter-second. The viscosity of water at 20C is 1.005 cp
(1 cp = 0.000672 lb/ft-sec). (Bul D11)
CENTIPOISE – Unit for measuring viscosity; 0.01 poise. (SSWID)
CENTRAL CONDUCTOR (SHOOTING ROD) – A conductor that is passed through the pipe,
for the purpose of creating a circular or circumferential magnetic field in the pipe. This term does
not imply that the current rod must be centered in the pipe. (RP 5A5)
CENTRALIZERS – Guides which are attached to casing and which serve to keep it centered in
the hole. See API Spec 10D. (Bul 10C)
CENTRATE – Clarified liquid discharged from a centrifuge. (Bul D11)
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE – That force which tends to impel matter outward from the center of
rotation. (Bul 13C)
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE- Force tending to pull outwardly on a body when it is rotating around
a center. (Bul D20)
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR – A general term applicable to any device using centrifugal
force to shorten and/or to control the settling time required to separate a heavier mass from a
lighter mass. (Bul 13C)
CENTRIFUGE – A centrifugal separator, specifically: a device rotated by an external force for
the purpose of separating materials of various specific gravities and/or particle sizes or shapes
from a slurry to which the rotation is imparted primarily by the rotating containing walls. (Bul
13C)
CENTRIFUGE – A device for the mechanical separation of high specific gravity solids from a
drilling fluid. Usually used on weighted fluids to recover weight material and discard drill solids.
The centrifuge uses high-speed mechanical rotation to achieve this separation, as distinguished
from the cyclone-type separator in which the fluid energy along provides the separating force.
See Cyclone and Desander. (Bul D11)
CENTRIFUGE – A shake-out or grind-out machine. Samples of oil are placed in the machine
and whirled at high speed to settle out sediment. BS&W content can be determined in this
matter. (ITOGP)
CENTRIPETAL FORCE – See Related Term: Centrifugal Force. That force which tends to
propel matter inward. (Bul 13C)
CHAMBER LIFT – A special type of intermittent gas lift which uses the tubing-casing annulus
or a “bottle” on the end of the tubing string for the accumulation of formation liquids between
cycles. (GL)
CHAMFER – The tapered area on the end of threaded pipe or coupling (eight round or buttress
threads). (RP 5A5)
CHAMFER – A conical surface at the end of the pipe. (RP 5B1)
CHASE THREADS – To straighten and clean threads of any kind. (ITOGP)
CHATTER – A wavy surface of the thread flank, root, crest, or chamfer, produced by a vibrating
cutter insert. (Bul 5T1)
CHEATER – A length of pipe used to increase the leverage of a wrench. (ITOGP)
CHECK VALVE – A valve that permits flow in one directly only. (ITOGP, WLOP)
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS – Determination of the chemical composition of material. (Spec 6A,
Spec 16A)
CHEMICAL BARREL – A container in which various chemicals are mixed prior to addition to
the drilling fluid. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) – A measure of the amount of oxygen required to
oxidize organic and oxidizable inorganic compounds in water. The COD test, like the BOD test,
is used to determine the degree of pollution in an effluent. (Bul D11)
CHEMICALS – In drilling-fluid terminology, a chemical is any material that produces changes
in the viscosity, yield point, gel strength, and fluid loss, as well as surface tension. (Bul D11)
CHEMOTAXIS – The orientation or movement of a living organism in response to chemical
agents. (Bul D11)
CHLORIDE STRESS CRACKING – The stress corrosion cracking of ferrous based alloy steels,
which may result when exposed to wellstreams containing water and chlorides under certain
conditions of concentration and temperature. Other constituents present, such as oxygen, may
contribute to chloride stress cracking. (RP 14H, Spec 14D)
CHLORIDE STRESS CRACKING – The stress corrosion cracking of certain high alloy steels
which results when the corrosive media contains chloride ions. (Spec 14A)
CHLORIDE STRESS CRACKING SERVICE – Process streams which contain water and
chloride under conditions of concentration and temperature high enough to induce stress
cracking of ferrous base alloy materials. Other constituents present, such as oxygen (O2), may
contribute to such chloride stress cracking. (RP 14E)
CHOCK – Block or wedge used beneath a length of pipe so that it cannot roll. (RP 5A5)
CHOKE – A type of orifice installed for the purpose of restricting and controlling flow. (ITOGP)
CHOKE – A type of orifice installed in a line in which fluid is flowing. The purpose is to restrict
the flow and control the rate of production. (GL)
CHOKE – A device specifically intended to restrict the flow rate of fluids. (RP 14E)
CHOKE – A device with either a fixed or variable aperture used to control the rate of flow of
liquids and/or gas. (RP 53)
CHOKE – Equipment used to restrict and control the flow of fluids. (Spec 6A)
CHOKE – A device to restrict and control the flow rate of well fluids. It may have a positive
fixed orifice with removable bean or an adjustable variable orifice. The choke may be located
upstream of the coil, between passes in the coil bundle, or on the coil outlet. A submerged or
long nose choke may be used with pressure reduction taking place within the water bath to
minimize hydrate formation. (Spec 12K)
CHOKE – A type of orifice installed in a line to restrict flow and control the rate of production.
Surface chokes are a part of the “Christmas tree” and contain a choke nipple, or bean, with a
small-diameter bore (an orifice) that serves to restrict the flow. Also, chokes are used to control
the rate of flow of the drilling mud out of the hole when the well is closed in with the blowout
preventer and a “kick” is being circulated out of the hole. (See Adjustable Choke, Bottom-Hole
Choke, and Positive Choke.) (WLOP)
CHOKE – A restriction of small internal diameter placed in a production string of pipe to reduce
flow rates. A positive choke is commonly a piece of steel bar stock externally threaded, and
internally bored to a specific diameter then installed in a special (choke) tee at wellhead. A
second type is the adjustable choke which is a special valve having calibrated choke opening
dimensions marked on a band around the stem. (WT)
CHOKE AND KILL (C&K) LINES – External conduits arranged parallel to the riser pipe used
for circulation of fluids into and out of the formation to control well pressure. (RP 2%)
CHOKE BEAN (FLOW BEAN) – The replaceable orifice part used in positive chokes to control
flow rates. (Spec 6A)
CHOKE LINE VALVE – The valve(s) connected to and a part of the blowout preventer stack
that controls the flow to the choke manifold. (RP 53)
CHOKE MANIFOLD – As assembly of valves, chokes, gauges, and lines used to control the rate
of flow from the well when the blowout presenters are closed. (RP 53)
CHORD – Deep plate girder flange. (Bul 2V)
CHRISTMAS TREE – A term applied to the control valves, pressure gages, and chokes
assembled at the top of a well to control the flow of oil and gas. (GL)
CHRISTMAS TREE – The assembly of valves, pipes, and fitting used to control flow of oil and
gas from the well. (ITOGP)
CHRISTMAS TREE – Term applied to the valves and fittings assembled at the top of a
completed well to control the flow of hydrocarbons and other fluids. (RP 54)
CHRISTMAS TREE – A term applied to the valves and fittings assembled above and starting at
the top of the tubing spool on a completed well to control the flow of hydrocarbons and other
fluids. (RP 57)
CHRISTMAS TREE – An assembly of valves and fittings attached to the uppermost flange of
the tubing head, used to control well production. (Spec 6A)
CHRISTMAS TREE – The valves, pressure gages, and chokes assembled at the top of a well to
control the flow of oil and gas after the well has been completed. (WLOP)
CHROMATE – A compound in which chromium has a valence of 6, e.g., sodium bichromate.
Chromate may be added to drilling fluids either directly or as a constituent of chrome lignites or
chrome lignosulfonates. In certain areas, chromate is widely used as an anodic corrosion
inhibitor, often in conjunction with lime. (Bul D11)
CHROME LIGNITE – Mined lignite, usually leonardite, to which chromate has been added. The
lignite can also be causticized with either sodium or potassium hydroxide. (Bul 10C)
CHROME LIGNITE – Mined lignite, usually leonardite, to which chromate has been added
and/or reacted. The lignite can also be causticized with either sodium or potassium hydroxide.
(Bul D11)
CHRONIC BIOASSAY – A test involving a substantial portion of the life span of a fish or other
organisms. (Bul D11)
CIRCULAR-ARC METHOD – Refer to “Wellbore Survey Calculation Methods.” (Bul D20)
CIRCULAR-ARC METHOD – Uses both sets of measured angles associated with each course
length to recreate the wellbore path as a sequence of circular arcs constrained by the measured
angles to pass through the end points with inclination and direction angles as measured. (Bul.
D20)
CIRCULAR (CIRCUMFERENTIAL) MAGNETIC FIELD – The magnetic field in or
surrounding a current carrying conductor pipe, or pipe with an interior current carrying road. (RP
5A5)
CIRCULAR (CIRCUMFERENTIAL) MAGNETIZATION – Circular magnetization is the
production of a magnetic field in a pipe wall or coupling such that the magnetic field is oriented
circumferentially. (RP 5A5)
CIRCULATE – To cycle fluid through pipe and wellbore while drilling operations are
temporarily suspended. This is done to condition the drilling fluid and the well bore before
hoisting the drill pipe and to obtain cuttings from the bottom of the well before drilling proceeds.
Circulation of the drilling fluid while drilling is suspended is usually necessary to prevent drill
pipe from becoming stuck. (Bul 10C)
CIRCULATE – To cycle fluid through pipe and well-bore. (RP 54)
CIRCULATING DEVICE – A flow control device such as a sliding sleeve or side pocket
mandrel which is run on production/injection tubing for the purpose of establishing
communication between tubing and the tubing annulus. (RP 57)
CIRCULATION – The movement of drilling fluid from the suction pit through pump, drill pipe,
bit, annular space in the hole, and back again to the suction pit. The time involved is usually
referred to as circulation time. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
CIRCULATION, LOSS OF (OR LOSS CIRCULATION) – The result of drilling fluid escaping
into the formation by way of crevices or porous media. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
CIRCULATION RATE – The volume flow rate of the circulating drilling fluid usually
expressed in gallons or barrels per minute. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
CIRCUMFERENTIAL MAGNETIZATION – See Circular Magnetization. (RP 5A5)
CLABBERED – A slang term commonly used to describe moderate to severe flocculation of
drilling fluid due to various contaminants; also called “gelled-up.” (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
CLADDING – A process for covering one metal with a thinner sheet of another to obtain
increased corrosion resistance or other desirable properties of the thinner. (COGWE, SSWID)
CLAMP CONNECTION – A pressure sealing device used to join two items without using
conventional bolted flange joints. The two items to be sealed are prepared with clamp hubs.
These hubs are held together by a clamp containing two to four bolts. (RP 53)
CLARIFICATION – In waste-water treatment, the removal of turbidity and suspended solids by
settling, often aided by centrifugal action and chemically induced coagulation. (Bul D11)
CLARIFICATION (CLARIFIER) – Make or become clear. In oilfield terms, generally used to
describe removing oil from water. (SSWID)
CLARIFIER – In waste-water treatment, a settling tank and/or centrifugal acceleration device
which mechanically removes settleable solids from wastes. (Bul D11)
CLASSIFICATION – The process of approximate grouping of material by density shape or size
through the mechanical use of a fluid (air or liquid) medium. (Bul 13C)
CLASSIFICATION –
Class I Location –A Class I location is one in which flammable gases or vapors are or may be
present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures. (See NEC.)
Class I, Division 1 Location – A Class I, Division 1 location is a location: (1) in which ignitable
concentrations of flammable gases or vapors exist continuously, intermittently, or periodically
under normal operating conditions; or (2) in which ignitable concentration of such gases or
vapors may exist frequently because of repair or maintenance operations or because of leakage;
or (3) in which breakdown or faulty operation of equipment or processes might release ignitable
concentrations of flammable gases or vapors, and might also cause simultaneous failure of
electrical equipment. (See NEC & API RP 500B.)
Class I, Division 2 Location – A Class I, Division 2 location is a location: (1) in which volatile
flammable liquids or flammable gases are handled, processed, or used, but in which the
hazardous liquids, vapors, or gases will normally be confined within closed containers or closed
systems from which they can escape only in case of accidental rupture or breakdown of such
containers or systems, or in case of abnormal operation of equipment: or (2) in which hazardous
concentrations of gases or vapors are normally prevented by positive mechanical ventilation, but
which might become hazardous through failure or abnormal operation of the ventilating
equipment: or (3) that is adjacent to a Class I, Division 1 location, and to which hazardous
concentration of gases or vapors might occasionally be communicated unless such
communication is prevented by adequate positive-pressure ventilation from a source of clean air,
and effective safeguards against ventilation failure are provided. (See NEC & API RP 500B.)
GROUP C – Atmospheres that do or may contain hydrogen sulfide (H2S), or other substances
specified by NFPA 497M.
GROUP D – Atmospheres that do or may contain natural gas, hydrocarbons or other substances
specified by NFPA 497M.
UNCLASSIFIED LOCATIONS – An unclassified location is a location not classified as
Division 1 or Division 2. (RT 14F)
CLASSIFICATION –
Class I Location – A location in which flammable gases or vapors are, or may be, present in the
air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.
Class I, Division 1 Location – A location in which ignitable concentrations of flammable gases
are expected to exist under normal operating conditions or in which faulty equipment might
simultaneously release flammable gases or vapors and also cause failure of electrical equipment.
Reference Section 4.2a for a more complete definition.
Class I, Division 2 Location – A location in which flammable gases may be present, but
normally are confined within closed systems: are prevented from accumulating by adequate
mechanical ventilation; or the location is adjacent to a Division1 location from which ignitable
concentrations might occasionally be communicated.
Group A – Atmospheres containing acetylene.
Group B – Atmospheres containing hydrogen and other gases.
Group C – Atmospheres containing hydrogen sulfide and other gases or vapors.
Group D – Atmospheres containing butane, gasoline, hexane, methane, natural gas, propane and
most other hydrocarbon gases and vapors encountered in oil and gas production. (RP 500 B)
CLASSIFIED AREA – Any area electrically classified Class I, Group D. Division 1 or 2,
following guidelines of API RP 500B. (RP 14C)
CLASSIFY – To group into classes or sizes with systematic relations. (Bul 13C)
CLAY – A plastic, soft, variously-colored earth, commonly a hydrous, silicate of alumina,
formed by the decomposition of feldspar and other aluminum silicates. In a true clay, 30% by
weight of the solid particles are of diameter less than 0.002 micrometer. (Bul 10C)
CLAY – A plastic, soft, variously-colored earth commonly a hydrous silicate of alumina formed
by the decomposition of feldspar and other aluminum silicates. See also Attapulgite, Bentonite,
High Yield, Low Yield, and Natural Clays. Clay minerals are essentially insoluble in water but
disperse under hydration, shearing forces such as grinding, velocity effects, etc., into the
extremely small particles varying from submicron to 100-micron sizes. (Bul D11)
CLAY EXTENDER – An agent which has been added to clay to increase its initial yield.
Peptization usually refers to the addition of an electrolyte (i.e., soda ash) to increase the initial
yield. A newer term, beneficiation, generally applies to the addition of organic compounds (i.e.,
polyacrylamide). (Bul 10C)
CLAY EXTENDER – Any of several substances, usually high molecular weight organic
compounds that, when added in low concentrations to a bentonite or to certain other clay slurries,
will increase the viscosity of the system, e.g., polyvinyl acetatemaleic anhydride copolymer. See
Low-solids Muds. (Bul D11)
CLAY SOLIDS – See Preferred Term: Colloidal Solids. (Bul 13)
CLEAN OUT – To remove sand, scale, and other deposits from the well to restore or increase
production. (WLOP)
CLEARANCE – Space between the outer diameter of the tool in question and the side of the
drilled hole; the difference in the diameter of the hole and the tool. (Bul D20)
CLEARANCE – Clearance in the maximum distance along the axis of jet or bullet between the
external gun surface and the surface of the core target. (RP 43)
CLINOGRAPH – An instrument to measure and record inclination. (Bul D20)
CLIP – A U-bolt or similar device used to fasten parts of a wire cable together. (ITOGP)
CLOGGING – See Preferred Term: Plugging (Bul 13C)
CLOSE IN – To temporarily shut in a well that is capable of producing oil or gas; to close the
blowout preventers on a well that is being drilled in order to control a “kick.” The blowout
preventers close off the annulus so that pressure from below cannot flow to the surface. (WLOP)
CLOSED IN – A well capable of producing oil or gas, but temporarily shut in. (ITGOP)
CLOSED-IN BOTTOM-HOLE PRESSURE – Sometimes termed shut-in bottom-hole pressure.
Pressure obtained by measurement with instrument at or near producing zone with well shut in at
surface to prevent fluid movement. (WT)
CLOSED-IN PRESSURE – See Formation Pressure. (WLOP)
CLOSED TRAVERSE – Term used to indicated the closeness pf two surveys, one survey going
in the hole and the second survey coming out of the hole. (Bul D20)
CLOSED WATER-TREATING SYSTEM – A system of treating water in which the water does
not come in contact with air. (SSWID)
CLOSING RATIO – The ratio of the wellhead pressure to the pressure required to close the
blowout preventer. (RP 53)
CLOSURE – Refer to “Line of Closure.” (Bul D20)
CLOSURE BOLTING – Fasteners used to assemble API Spec 16A equipment other than end
and outlet connections. (Spec 16A)
CLOTH – See Preferred Term: Screen Cloth. (Bul 13C)
CLUTCH – A means for engagement or disengagement of power. (Spec 2C)
CMC – See Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
COAGULANT – That agent which produces clotting; to change from a fluid into a thickened
mass; to curdle, congeal, or clot. (SSWID)
COAGULATION – In drilling-fluid terminology, a synonym for flocculation. (Bul D11)
COAGULATION – The clumping of particles in order to settle out impurities; often induced by
chemicals such as lime or alum. (Bul D11)
COAGULATION – The joining together of finely divided particles of matter suspended in
water, forming a mass large enough to settle out of suspension. (SSWID)
COALESCE – To combine into one body. (SSWID)
COALESCENCE – The change from a liquid to a thickened curdlike state by chemical reaction.
Also, the combination of globules in an emulsion caused by molecular attraction of the surfaces.
(Bul D11)
COALESCER – An agent which helps materials unite into one body or mass. (Coalescene –
Combination of globules in an emulsion caused by molecular attraction of the surfaces; union of
one or more crystals or aggregates into a simple larger unit.) (SSWID)
COALESCING – Process of causing small dispersed water-in-oil or oil-in-water droplets to
combine into larger droplets which are easier to separate by gravity. Coalescing sections provide
large surface areas per unit of volume and usually consist of fibrous beds such as excelsior
(referred to as hay sections), or compartments of specially designed components. Electrostatic
fields are another means of inducing coalescence, commonly referred to as electrostatic treating.
(Spec 12L)
COASTAL ZONE – Coastal Waters and the adjacent lands that exert a measurable influence on
the uses of the sea and its ecology. (Bul D11)
COASTLINE – The line of ordinary low water along that portion of the coast which is in direct
contact with the open sea or the line marking the seaward limit of inland waters. (Bul 12A)
COATING – (See Related Term: Blinding) A condition wherein undersize particles cover the
apertures of the screening surface by virtue of stickiness. (Bul 13C)
COATING – The coating film as applied to the substrate. (RP 5L2)
COATING MATERIAL – The liquid material prior to application on the substrate. (RP 5L2)
COHESION – The attractive force between the same kind of molecules, i.e., the force which
holds the molecules of a substance together. (Bul D11)
COIL AREA – The coil area is the heat transfer area and is normally calculated using the outside
surface area of the pipe. (Spec 12K)
COIL METHOD – A method of magnetization in which pipe is encircled by a current-carrying
coil. (RP 5A5)
COIL SHOT – A short pulse of magnetizing current passed through a coil surrounding a pipe for
the purpose of longitudinal magnetization. (RP 5A5)
COILS – The fluid to be heated is passed through one or more coils which may be typically
arranged as a single pass coil, spit pass coil, or spiral coil. The coil may also be referred to as a
tube bundle. The single pass coil is normally a serpentine pattern with only one flow path. This
coil may also be arranged to provide two or more parallel flow paths for reduced pressure drop,
but it is still referred to as a single pass coil. The split pass coil may be designed for two
pressure ratings, allowing for a choke to be located between the two coil sections. Split pass coils
are used when it is necessary to use two heating stages to minimize hydrate formation within the
coil. The spiral coil is generally used on smaller heaters and is normally a single pass coil.
Multiple coils may be used if more than one well stream is processed in the same heater shell.
(Spec12K)
COLD WELD – A metallurgically inexact term generally indicating a lack of adequate weld
bonding strength of the abutting edges due to insufficient heat and/or pressure. A cold weld may
or may not have separation in the weld line. Other more definitive terms should be used
whenever possible. (Bul 5T1)
COLLAR – Usually refers to a coupling used to loin two lengths of pipe. (ITOGP)
COLLAR – A coupling device used to join two lengths of pipe. A combination collar is a
coupling with left-hand threads in one end and right-hand threads in the other. Sometimes drill
collars are called simply collars. (WLOP)
COLLAR LOCATOR – A logging device that detects casing or tubing collars for depthcorrelation
purposes. It may be operated mechanically or electrically to produce a log showing
the location of each casing collar or coupling in a well. When properly interpreted, this log
provides an accurate way to measure depths in a well. (WLOP)
COLLECTOR PIPE – A perforated or slotted pipe near the top of the coalescing section in a
treater to remove the treated oil as uniformly as possible through this portion of the treater. (Spec
12L)
COLLOID – A state of subdivision of matter which consists either of single large molecules or
of aggregations of smaller molecules dispersed to such a degree that the surface forces become
an important factor in determining its properties. The size and electrical charge of the particles
determine the different phenomena observed with colloids, e.g., Brownian movement. The sizes
of colloids range from 1 x 10-7 cm to 5 x 10-5 cm (0.001 to 0.5 microns) in diameter, although the
particle size of certain emulsoids can be in the micron range. (Bul D11)
COLLOIDAL – Pertaining to suspended solids so finely divided that they will not settle.
(SSWID)
COLLOIDAL COMPOSITION – A colloidal suspension containing one more colloidal
constituents. (Bul D11)
COLLOIDAL SOLIDS – Solids particles of less than two micron equivalent spherical diameter.
(Bul 13C)
COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION – A stable, homogenous system of very fine particles of matter
dispersed uniformly throughout a liquid medium, having properties which differ both from a true
solution and from a suspension of larger particles. True colloidal suspensions have particle size
range of 5 to 200 micrometers. (Bul D11)
COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION – Finely divided particles of ultramicroscopic size swimming in a
liquid. (Bul D11)
COLOR BODIES – Those complex molecules which impart color (usually undesirable) to a
solution. (Bul D11)
COLOR CODE – Paint band identification of pipe classification in accordance with appropriate
specifications. (RP 5A5)
COLOR UNIT – Measures of the intensity of coloration of water using a platinum-cobalt
standard. (Bul D11)
COLUMNAR/ORIENTED ICE – Columnar-grained ice with c-axis orientation in a preferred
horizontal direction. (Bul 2N)
COLUMNAR/RANDOM ICE – Columnar-grained ice with c-axis orientation in a random
horizontal direction. (Bul 2N)
COMBINATION GAS METAL-ARC WELD AND SUBMERGED-ARC WELD PIPE – Pipe
having one longitudinal seam formed by the combination of continuous gas metal-arc welding
and automatic submerged arc welding. The gas metal-arc welding process shall be first and
followed by the submerged-arc welding process. (Spec 5L)
COMBINED METHOD – Refer to “Mercury Method.” (Bul D20)
COMBUSTIBLE – Capable of burning. (RP14G)
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID – Any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100 F (37.8 C). (RP54)
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID – A liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100oF (37.8oC).
Combustible Liquids are subdivided as follows:
Class II Liquids – A liquid having a flash point at or above 100oF (37.8oC) and below
140o F (60oC).
Class IIIA Liquids – Those having flash points at or above 140oF (60oC) and below
140oF (93oC).
Class IIIB Liquids – Those having flash points at or above 200oF (93oC). (RP 500B)
COMBUSTION – The chemical reaction of rapid oxidation which is accompanied by the
emission of light and heat – the flame. Combustion begins when the temperature of the ignitable
substance reaches its apparent ignition temperature. This process will be self-sustaining as long
as the heat released in combustion maintains the temperature with the flammable range of the
ignitable substance. (RP 12N)
COMBUSTION – The oxidation of materials accompanied by the development of heat and
usually the production of flame. (RP 14G)
COME-ALONG – A stretching or tightening device. (ITOGP)
COME OUT OF THE HOLE – To pull drill pipe, tubing wireline tools, etc., out of the well.
(ITOGP)
COME OUT OF THE HOLE – Withdrawing of the drill pipe from the wellbore. (Bul 10C)
COMMINGLED – Fluids from more than one source mixed to make a single fluid stream. (WT)
COMPENSATED ACCELERATION METHOD – Refer to “Mercury Method.” (Bul D20)
COMPOSITE SAMPLE – A fluid containing all elements (components) originally present in
fluid at point of origin, i.e., bottom-hole sample containing water, oil and gas. (WT)
COMPRESSION – Act of compressing, or state of being compressed. In the sense of being the
opposite of tension. (Bul D20)
COMPRESSION RIDGE – First-year ridge formed primarily by buckling, bending, or local
crushing of colliding ice sheets caused by relative motion in the direction perpendicular to their
common boundary. Generally composed of loosely stacked angular ice blocks, the ridge tends to
be a curvilinear feature with a weaving pattern established by the extent of finger rafting. (Bul
2N)
COMPRESSIONAL WAVE – Waves in which the particle motion or vibration is in the same
direction as the propagated wave (longitudinal wave). (RP 2X)
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH – The degree of resistance of a material to force acting along one
of the axis in a manner tending to crush it, usually expressed in pounds of force per square inch
of surface affected. (Bul 10C)
COMPRESSOR – A rotating or reciprocating machine, together with its driver and associated
scrubbers, coolers, pipe, valves, controls, etc., used to compress gas or air from a lower to a
higher pressure. (RP 2G)
COMPUTER PRODUCTION CONTROL (CPC) – An operation wherein field conditions and
activities (well testing, lease production, equipment operational and safety status, etc.) are
monitored and/or controlled automatically by a computer system. (ITOGP)
CONCENTRIC CONTROL SYSTEM – A system utilizing a concentric tubular arrangement to
transmit control signals to the SCSSV. (RP 14B)
CONCENTRIC OPERATIONS – Well operations conducted using small diameter tubing inside
conventional tubing or tubingless completions, normally with the Christmas tree in place and
using a small rig or hoisting unit. (RP 57)
CONCENTRATION CELL – Metal ion: A corrosion cell in which a potential difference is
produced by a difference in concentration of metal ions. Oxygen: A corrosion cell in which a
potential difference is produced by differences in oxygen concentration. Region of low oxygen
concentration is the anode or corroding area. (COGWE, SSWID)
CONDENSATE – Hydcarbons which are in the gaseous state under reservoir conditions but
which become liquid either in passage up the hole or in the surface equipment. (ITOGP)
CONDENSATE – A liquid formed by condensation from a vapor phase. Within the reservoir,
“condensate” is a liquid-hydrocarbon phase formed by retrograde condensation from the vapor
phase upon pressure reduction. At the surface, “condensate” is a liquid-hydrocarbon phase
formed by condensation form the vapor phase upon pressure and/or temperature reduction. (RP
44)
CONDUCTOR PIPE – See Pipe. (Bul 10C)
CONDUCTOR PIPE – A relatively short string of large diameter pipe which is set to keep the
top of the hole open and provide a means of returning the upflowing drilling fluid from the
wellbore to the surface drilling fluid system until the first casing string is set in the well.
Conductor pipe may also be used in well control. Conductor pipe is usually cemented. (RP 53,
RP 54)
CONDUCTIVITY – A measure of the quantity of electricity transferred across unit area per unit
potential gradient per unit time. It is the reciprocal of resistivity. Electrolytes may be added to the
drilling fluid to alter its conductivity for logging purposes. (Bul D11)
CONDUIT SEAL – A sealing fitting poured with cement-like potting compound designed to
contain an explosion in the enclosure to which it is attached. (See Section 4.8.) (RP 14F)
CONE – See Preferred Term: Hydrocyclone. (Bul 13)
CONFORMANCE – Compliance with specified requirements. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A, Spec Q1)
CONNATE WATER – Formation water locked in the pores of a formation by capillary action.
This water does not flow without introducing strong driving forces or by means of a chemical
reaction. (Bul 10C)
CONNATE WATER – Water that probably was laid down and entrapped with sedimentary
deposits, as distinguished from migratory waters that have flowed into deposits after they were
laid down. (Bul D11)
CONNATE WATER – Fossil sea water trapped within sediments during deposition. (SSWID)
CONNECTION – The joining of two lengths of pipe. (ITOGP)
CONNECTORS – 1. Riser devices used to latch and unlatch risers and lower marine riser
packages to subsea equipment. 2. Tendon devices used to latch and unlatch tendons to the
foundation system and to connect the tendon to the platform. (RP 2T)
CONSERVATIVE POLLUTANT – A pollutant that is relatively persistent and quite resistant to
degradation, such as parachlorobiphenyls. (Bul D11)
CONSISTENCY – A rheological property of matter which is related to the cohesion of the
individual particles of a given material, its ability to deform, and its resistance to flow. The
consistency of cement slurries is determined in accordance with API Spec 10. It is expressed as
Bearden units of consistency (Bc) when determined either on the pressurized consistometer or on
the atmospheric pressure consistometer. (Bul 10C)
CONSISTENCY – The viscosity of a non-reversible fluid, in poises, for a certain time interval at
a given pressure and temperature. (Bul D11)
CONSISTOMETER – A tester having a stirring apparatus to measure the thickening time of
cement slurries under predetermined temperatures and pressures. (Bul 10C)
CONSISTOMETER – A thickening-time tester having a stirring apparatus to measure the
relative thickening time of drilling fluid or cement slurries under predetermined temperatures and
pressures. (Bul D11)
CONSOLIDATION – A process of solidification of an ice mass by freezing water in voids
between ice blocks. (Bul 2N)
CONSTRUCTED ICE – Ice formed by surface flooding, spraying, subsurface convection cells,
or other techniques. (Bul 2N)
CONTACT INSPECTION – The method in which the search unit makes direct contact with the
material, with a minimum couplant film. (RP 2X)
CONTACT MARKS – Intermittent marks adjacent to the weld line resulting from the electrical
contact between the electrodes supplying the welding current and the pipe surface. (Bul 5T1)
CONTACT METHOD – (Current flow method.) A method of magnetizing pipe by passing a
current through its wall via prods or hand-held contacts. (RP 5A5)
CONTACT TRANSDUCER – A transducer which is coupled to a test surface either directly or
through a thin film of couplant. (RP 2X)
CONTAINMENT – Any method used on an offshore platform to collect and direct escaped
liquid hydrocarbons to a safe location. (RP 14C)
CONTAMINANT – Material, usually a mud component, which becomes mixed with the cement
slurry during the displacement process, and which has a deleterious effect on cement properties.
(Bul 10C)
CONTAMINANT – A harmful or undesirable constituent; any substance that might constitute a
health hazard or adversely affect desirable properties of drilling fluids. (Bul D11)
CONTAMINATION – The presence in a drilling fluid of any foreign material that may tend to
produce detrimental properties of the drilling fluid. (Bul D11)
CONTEST – Organized competition sponsored by the individual sections of the Industrial
Conference of the National Safety Council. Contests are based on incidence rates of occupational
injuries and illnesses involving days away from work or death. Contests have only one
relationship with the Award Plan – contestant units with perfect records tanking below third
place in their contest group or division will receive the appropriate level of award under the
Award Plan. (Bul T5)
CONTINUOUS FLOW GAS LIFT – Gas lift operation in which gas is injected continuously
into the liquid column. Reservoir fluids and the inject gas are produced from the wellhead at the
surface without interruption. (GL)
CONTINUOUS METHOD – A method of searching for flaws while the magnetizing current is
being applied. (RP 5A5)
CONTINUOUS PHASE – The fluid phase which completely surrounds the dispersed phases that
may be colloids, oil, etc. (Bul D11)
CONTINUOUS REELED TUBING – Tubing stored on a reel that can be run in and out of a
well without making a connection. (RP 57)
CONTINUOUS WAVE – A constant flow of ultrasonic waves, as opposed to pulsed. (RP 2X)
CONTOUR (verb) – The gradual tapering by filing or grinding to prevent abrupt changes in the
wall thickness. (RP 5A5)
CONTRACTED SWEEP – A contraction of the horizontal sweep on the viewing screen of the
ultrasonic instrument. Contraction of this sweep permits viewing reflections occurring over a
greater depth of material or duration of time. (RP 2X)
CONTRACTOR – Any person or company who contracts all or any part of oil and gas well
drilling or servicing. (RP 54)
CONTROL – To exercise authority over and regulate. (Spec Q1)
CONTROL CYLINDERS – Hypothetical limits in the form of a cylinder around the planned
trajectory of the wellbore and in which the borehole is to be maintained. (Bul D20)
CONTROL ECHO – Reference signal from a constant reflecting surface, such as a back
reflection (RP 2X)
CONTROL FEATURE – A documented activity to ensure conformance with specific
requirements of applicable specifications. (Spec Q1)
CONTROL LINE – An individual conduit utilized to transmit control signals to the SCSSV.
(RP 14B)
CONTROL MANIFOLD – The system of valves and piping to control the flow of hydraulic
fluid to operate the various components of the blowout preventer stack. (RP 53)
CONTROL PANEL – Switches and devices to start, stop, measure, monitor or signal what is
taking place. (ITOGP)
CONTROL PANEL, REMOTE – A panel containing a series of controls that will operate the
valves on the control manifold from a remote point. (RP 53)
CONTROL POD – An assembly of subsea valves and regulators which when activated from the
surface will direct hydraulic fluid through special apertures to operate blowout preventer
equipment. (RP 53)
CONTROLLED AGGREGATION – A condition in which the clay platelets are maintained
stacked by a polyvalent cation, such as calcium, and are deflocculated by use of a thinner. (Bul
D11)
CONTROLLED AREA – A defined area in which the occupational exposure of personnel to
radiation or to radioactive material is under the supervision of an individual in charge of
radiation protection. (This applies that a controlled area is one that requires control of access,
occupancy, and working conditions for radiation protection purposes.) (RP 5A5)
CONTROLLED DIRECTIONAL DRILLING – The art and science involving the intentional
deflection of a wellbore in a specific direction in order to reach a predetermined objective below
the surface of the earth. (Bul D20)
CONTROLLED DIRECTIONAL WELL (OR DEVIATED WELL) – A hole purposely deviated
from the vertical in specific directions using controlled angles to reach an objective location
(target) other than directly under the surface location. (Bul D12A)
CONVENTIONAL MUD – A drilling fluid containing essentially clay and water. (Bul D11)
CONVENTIONAL OPERATIONS – Well operations conducted using a rig equipped with fluid
pumps, rotary table, and other equipment designed to perform well workovers, recompletions,
and other work which requires removal of the Christmas tree and pulling or manipulation of the
tubing. (RP 57)
CONVEYING SPEED – (See Related Term: Gear Ratio.) On a decanting centrifuge, the
difference in speeds between the outer bowl and the screw conveyor in rpm. (Bul 13)
CONVEYOR – A mechanical device for moving material from one place to another. In a
decanting centrifuge a hollow hub with flute(s) rotating in the same direction but at a slower
speed than the centrifuge bowl. (Bul 13C)
COOLER – A refrigerated water bath used to cool pressure charged gas life valves to 60oF when
setting them. (GL)
COPOLYMER – A substance formed when two or more substances polymerize at the same time
to yield a product which is not a mixture of separate polymers but a complex having properties
different from either polymer alone. See Polymer. Examples are polyvinyl acetate-maleic
anhydride copolymer (clay extender and selective flocculant), acrylamide-carboxylic acid
copolymer (total flocculant), etc. (Bul D11)
COPOLYMER – A molecule formed when two or more unlike polymers are linked together.
(COGWE, SSWID)
COPPER-FREE OR LOW COPPER CONTENT ALUMINUM – Aluminum alloys containing
0.4% or less copper. (RP 14F)
CORE-FLOW EFFICIENCY (CFE) – Core-flow efficiency is the ratio of the experimental
permeability ratio to the theoretical permeability ratio, (kp/ko)/(ki/ko), for the same total core
penetration. (RP 43)
CORING – The act of procuring a sample of the formation being drilled for geological
information purposes. Coring is done by means of a core barrel. (Bul 10C)
CORNER EFFECT – The reflection of a sound beam directed normal to the intersection of two
perpendicular planes. (RP 2X)
CORRECTIVE ACTION – Measures taken to rectify conditions adverse to quality and to
minimize recurrence. (Spec Q1)
CORRECTIVE JETTING RUNS – Action taken with a directional jet bit to change the direction
or inclination of the borehole. (Bul D20)
CORROSION – The adverse chemical alteration or destruction of a metal by air, moisture, or
chemicals. (Bul 10C)
CORROSION – The adverse chemical alteration on a metal or the eating away of the metal by
air, moisture, or chemicals; usually an oxide is formed. (Bul D11)
CORROSION – Corrosion is defined as the destruction of a metal by chemical or
electrochemical reaction with its environment. (Spec 12J)
CORROSION AGENT – Any agent causing corrosion. (COGWE, SSWID)
CORROSION-EROSION – The phenomenon of a protective film of corrosion product being
eroded away by the erosive action of the process stream, exposing fresh metal which then
corrodes. Extremely high metal weight loss may occur under these conditions. (RP 14E)
CORROSION-FATIGUE FAILURE – Failure of a metal exposed to repeated loading in
corrosive service. (COGWE)
CORROSION-FATIGUE FAILURE – Metal in corrosion service exposed to repeated stresses
until it fails to function (COGWE, SSWID)
CORROSION PRODUCT – The material which results from a metal combining with its
corrosive environment. (COGWE, SSWID)
CORROSION RESISTANT RING GROOVES – Ring grooves lined with metal resistant to
metal-loss corrosion. (Spec 6A, Spec 16 A)
CORROSIVE GAS – A gas which when dissolved in water or other liquid causes metal attack.
Usually included are hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2). (RP 14E)
CORROSIVE HYDROCARBON SERVICE – Process streams which contain water or brine and
carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), oxygen (O2) or other corrosive agents under
conditions which cause metal weight loss. (RP 14F)
COUNTERWEIGHT – (Also called “Ballast”) Weight used to supplement the weight of the
machine in providing stability for lifting working loads and usually attached to rear of revolving
upperstructure. (Spec 2C)
COUPLANT – The couplant, a liquid such as water, oil glycerin, etc., capable of conducting
ultrasonic vibrations from the transducer to the material being tested shall be used. (RP 2X)
COUPLANT – A material (usually a liquid) used between ultrasonic transducer and the test
specimen to conduct ultrasonic energy between them. (RP 5A5)
COUPLING – A mechanical means for joining two sections of riser pipe in end-to-end
engagement. (RP 2R)
COUPLING MILL END – The end of the pipe to which the coupling is applied at the mill.
Referred to as the box end of integral joint pipe. (RP 5B1)
COUPLING PRELOAD – Compressive bearing load developed between pin and box members
at their interface; this is accomplished by elastic deformation during makeup of the coupling.
(RP 2R)
COUPON – Small metal strips which are exposed to corrosive systems for the purpose of
determining nature and severity of corrosion. (COGWE)
COUPON – Small metal strip which is exposed to corrosive systems for the purpose of
determining the nature and severity of corrosion. (ITOGP)
COUPON – A small metal strip which is exposed to corrosive systems for the purpose of
determining nature and severity of corrosion or scale deposition. (SSWID)
COURSE – The axis of the borehold over an interval length. (Bul D20)
COURSE BEARING- The azimuth of the course. (Bul D20)
COURSE DEVIATION – The length of a line made by projecting a course length onto a
horizontal plane. In practice, the horizontal displacement between two stations regardless of
directions. (Bul D20)
COURSE LENGTH – The difference in measured depth or actual hole length from one station to
another. (Bul D20)
COVER MATERIAL – Soil that is used to cover compacted solid waste in a sanitary landfill.
(Bul D11)
C.P. – Point in case hold of cementing through perforations. Abbreviation for “casing point.”
(Bul 10C)
CPR – Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
CRACK – A stress-induced separation of the metal which, without any other influence, is
insufficient in extent to cause complete rupture of the material. (Bul 5T1)
CRACK – A planar discontinuity formed by separation of previously continuous material. (RP
2X)
CRACKERS – Bottom-hole assembly in which single joints of drill string can be run between
drill collars to produce a limber assembly. (Bul D20)
CRATER – The formation of a large funnel-shaped cavity at the top of a hole resulting from a
blow-out or occasionally from caving. (Bul D11)
CRATER – To fail. To cave in. (ITOGP)
CREAMING OF EMULSIONS – The settling or rising of the particles of the dispersed phase of
an emulsion as observed by a difference in color shading of the layers formed. This can be either
upward or downward creaming, depending upon the elative densities of the continuous and
dispersed phases. (Bul D11)
CREATED FRACTURES – Induced fractures by means of hydraulic or mechanical pressure
exerted on the formation. (Bul D11)
CREEP – Time-dependent increase in strain during a state of constant stress. (Bul 2N)
CREEP – The gradual deformation of metals or plastics under loads applied for a long time.
(COGWE, SSWID)
CREST- The top of a thread. (RP 5A5, RP 5B1)
CREST CLEARANCE – The distance between the crest and root of mating threads. (RP 5B1)
CREST TRUNCATION – The distance between the sharp crest (crest apex) and the finished
crest. (RP 5B1)
CRIPPLED BIT – By removing one cone, a bit is “crippled” and made to act erratically. Such
bits have been used in deflecting holes. (Bul D20)
CRITICAL ANGLE – The incident angle of the sound beam beyond which a specific refracted
mode of vibration no longer exists. (RP 2X)
CRITICAL COMPONENT – Any component of the crane whose failure would result in loss of
load control or result in structural instability of the machine. (Spec 2C)
CRITICAL COMPONENTS – Those parts which have specified requirements in this document.
(Spec 6A)
CRITICAL FLAW – One which is capable of causing failure. (RP 2X)
CRITICAL FLOW – By “critical flow” is meant that the velocity through an orifice or small
opening has reached a maximum, and remains a constant. The rate of flow is directly
proportional to upstream pressure, and changes only with upstream pressure. Downstream
pressure has no effect on flow rate when critical flow velocity is obtained. (WT)
CRITICAL FLOW PROVER – Essentially a steel tube 12” long with provisions for installing an
orifice plate at one end. Two sizes are available, either 2” or 4” internal diameter. Two
connections are provided on tube – one for a thermometer bulb and the other for connecting a
pressure recording meter. (WT)
CRITICAL GAS SATURATIONS – the lowest gas saturation in the reservoir rock at which gas
will flow. When the gas saturation is less than the critical value, the permeability to gas is zero.
(RP 44)
CROOKED HOLE – Wellbore which has been inadvertently deviated from a straight hole. (Bul
D20)
CROOKED HOLE – A wellbore which has inadvertently deviated from the vertical. (ITOGP)
CROOKED HOLE AREA – An area where the subsurface formations are so composed or
arranged that it is difficult to drill a straight hole. (Bul D20)
CROOKED-HOLE TENDENCY – A characteristic of the formation, bottom-hole assembly, or
drilling practices to cause a crooked hole to be drilled. (Bul D20)
CROSS – A pressure containing fitting with a minimum of four openings. Usually all four
openings are at 90o to one another. Crosses may be threaded or flanged (also studded flange).
(Spec 6A)
CROSS-OVER POINTS – In multiple layer spooling of rope on a drum, those points of rope
contact where the rope crosses the preceding rope layer. (Spec 2C)
CROSS-OVER SEAT – A Special seat for a gas lift valve which directs the pressure applied at
the nose of the gas lift valve to the bellows and the pressure applied to the holes in the side of the
valve to the under side of the seat. It is used most often in fluid operated valves. (GL)
CROSS TALK – An unwanted condition in which acoustic energy is coupled from the
transmitting crystal to the receiving crystal without propagating along the intended path through
the material. (RP 2X)
CROSS THREADED – Male and female threads don’t mate. (RP 5A5)
CROSSOVER FLANGE – A double or single studded adapter flange with a restricted area
sealing means and with a top connection pressure rating above that of the lower connection.
(Spec 6A)
CROSSOVER SPOOL – Flanged equipment with a restricted area sealing means, at or near the
face of its lower flange. Crossover spools are also provided with suitable means to suspend and
seal around an inner string of casing or tubing. A crossover spool has a top connection with a
pressure rating above that of the lower connection. (Spec 6A)
CROWD THE BIT – Term used to indicate that more weight is applied to the bit than needed for
efficient drilling. A crowded bit will usually increase the inclination or cause an azimuth change.
(Bul D20)
CROWN – The curvature of the screen deck or the difference in elevation between the high and
low points. (Bul 13C)
CROWN BLOCK ASSEMBLY – The stationary sheave or block assembly installed at the top of
a derrick or mast. (Spec 4F)
CRUDE OIL – A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in the liquid phase in the underground
reservoir and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating
facilities. (ITOGP)
CRYSTAL – A piezoelectric element in a probe or search unit. (RP 2X)
CSA – Canadian Standards Association.
CUBIC CENTIMETER (cc or mL) – A metric system unit for measurement of volume. (Bul
10C)
CU FT – Cubic foot, cubic feet. (WT)
CU FT/BBL – Cubic feet per barrel. Cubic feet of gas per barrel of liquid. (WT)
CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE – The total of fatigue damage caused by repeated cyclic
stresses. (Bul D20)
CUPRONICKEL – An alloy of copper (70 percent or over) and nickel. (COGWE, SSWID)
CURING – Aging of cement specimens under specified conditions. (Bul 10C)
CURING ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE – The aging of cement specimens for test purposes at
normal atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi (1kg/cm2) at sea level and temperature below about
200oF (93.3oC) for a designated period of time under certain given conditions of temperature and
humidly. (Bul 10C)
CURING PRESSURE – The curing of cement specimens for test purposes, in water at pressures
above atmospheric pressure. (Bul 10C)
CURRENT EXPERIENCE – The occupational injury and illness experience of the most recent
calendar year. (Bul T5)
CURVATURE IN THE HORIZONTAL PLANE – Projection of the curvature of the hole onto a
vertical plane. (Bul D20)
CURVATURE IN THE VERTICAL PLANE – Projection of the curvature of the hole onto a
vertical plane. (Bul D20)
CUT – A gouge or distortion in two or more thread crests in a lien wither parallel to the pipe axis
or at an angle across the threads. (Bul 5T1, RP 5A5)
CUT – See Related Term: Median Cut. A general term for the effectiveness of a liquid-solids
separation device expressed as the particle size that is removed from the feed stream at a given
percentage under specified operating conditions. (Bul 13C)
CUT OIL – Oil that contains water, usually in the form of an emulsion. Also called WET OIL.
(ITOGP)
CUTTINGS – Small pieces of formation that are the result of the chipping an/or crushing action
of the bit. See Samples. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
CYCLE TIME, DRILLING-FLUID – The time of a cycle, or down the hole and back, is the time
required for the pump to move the drilling fluid in the hole. The cycle in minutes equals the
barrels of drilling fluid in the hole divided by barrels per minute. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
CYCLONE – See Preferred Term: Hydrocyclone. (Bul 13C)
CYCLONE – A device for the separation of various particles from a drilling fluid, most
commonly used as a desander. The fluid is pumped tangentially into a cone, and the fluid
rotation provides enough centrifugal force to separate particles by mass weight. See Centrifuge.
(Bul D11)
CYLINDER (IN DIRECTIONAL DRILLING) – Refer to “Control Cylinders.” (Bul D20)
CYLINDER – A device which converts fluid power in linear mechanical force and motion.
(Spec 2C)
CYLINDER DRILLING – Refers to drilling in which the course of the borehole is held within
previously determined limits set by the circumference of imaginary cylinders extending from the
surface location to the desired objective of the hole. (Bul D20)
- Dd
– The symbol “d” refers to the nominal internal diameter of a conduit. (RP 6G)
DAC (DISTANCE AMPLITUDE CORRECTION) – (Swept gain, time corrected gain, time
variable gain, etc.) Electronic change of amplification to provide equal amplitude from equal
reflectors at different depths. (RP 2X)
D&P PLATFORM – A drilling and production platform. Such an offshore platform is a large
structure with room to drill and complete a number of wells. (ITOGP)
DAMPING (TRANSDUCER) – Limiting the duration of vibration in the search unit by either
electrical or mechanical means. (RP 2X)
DAMPING (ULTRASONICS) – Decrease or decay of ultrasonic wave amplitude with respect to
time. (RP 2X)
DARCY – A unit of permeability. A porous medium has a permeability of 1 Darcy when a
pressure of 1 atmosphere on a sample 1 cm long and 1sq, cm in cross section will force a liquid
of 1-cp viscosity through the sample at the rate of 1 cc per sec. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
DARCY’S LAW – The rate of flow of a homogeneous fluid through a porous medium is
proportional to the pressure or hydraulic gradient and to the cross-sectional area normal to the
direction of flow and inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid. (Bul 10C, SSWID)
DATE OF MANUFACTURE – The date of manufacturer’s final acceptance of finished
equipment. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
DC FIELD – Either a residual magnetic field or an active magnetic field produced through the
use of direct current. (RP 5A5)
DEADLINE – The end of the drilling line which is not reeled onto the hoisting drum of the
rotary rig. This end of the drilling line is anchored (usually to the derrick substructure) and does
not move as the traveling block is hoisted, hence the term deadline. (RP 54)
DEADMAN – A substantial timer or plug of concrete buried in the earth to which a guy wire or
line is attached for bracing a mast or tower. Also a land-side mooring device used with lines and
cables when docking a vessel. (ITOGP)
DEAD OIL – Crude oil containing essentially no dissolved gas when it is produced (ITOGP)
DEAD WEIGHT TESTER – A device using calibrated weights to measure pressure accurately.
(WLOP)
DEAD WEIGHT TESTER – Pressure instrument where pressure is applied to a hydraulic fluid
to lift a small piston connected to a plate on which weights are added as necessary to balance
pressure applied. (WT)
DEAD WELL – A well that will not flow by itself. (GL)
DEAD WELL – A well which has ceased to produce oil or gas, either temporarily or
permanently. (ITOGP)
DEAD WELL – A well that has ceased to produce oil or gas, either temporarily or permanently;
a well that has suffered a kick or blowout and been killed. (WLOP)
DEAD ZONE – The distance in a material from the surface to the nearest inspectable depth. (RP
2X)
DEAD ZONE (ULTRASONIC) – The distance from the front surface of the pipe to the nearest
inspectable depth. (RP 5A5)
DEBUG – To detect, locate and correct malfunctions in a computer, instrumentation or other
type system. (ITOGP)
DECANTING CENTRIFUGE – A continuously conveying centrifuge which removes solids
drained of their free liquid. (Bul 13C)
DECIBEL (db) – A unit of sound intensity, loudness, or pressure level in which 0.0002 microbar
of pressure equals zero db sound-pressure level; the threshold of hearing. (Bul D11)
DECIBEL (db) – The unit for measuring the loudness of sounds (ultra sound). 1 db = 10%
change, on al logarithmic scale. (RP 2X)
DECK – A vibrating screen component consisting of a support frame, screening surface, and
accessories. (Bul 13C)
DECK AREA, CANTILEVER – That portion of the main deck, cellar deck or sub-cellar deck
area outside the boundary line of perimeter deck columns. (RP 2G)
DECK AREA, CENTRAL – That portion of the main deck, cellar deck or sub-cellar deck within
the boundary line of perimeter deck columns. (RP 2G)
DECK AREA, RIG – That area of the deck necessary for support of drilling or workover
operations. (RP 2G)
DECK BEAMS – Secondary structural elements spanning between intermediate girders and/or
main girders. (RP 2T)
DECK, CELLAR – A deck located immediately below the main deck. (RP 2G)
DECK, MAIN – The uppermost deck on the structure. (RP 2G)
DECK, PLATE – Flat plate or grating spanning between deck beams. (RP 2T)
DECK RUBBER – See Preferred Term: Support Rubber, (Bul 13C)
DECK SUB-CELLAR – A deck located below the cellar deck. Decks below the cellar deck will
be designated as Sub-Cellar Deck, Sub-Cellar Deck B, etc. (RP 2G)
DECLINATION – Refer to “Magnetic Declination.” (Bul D20)
DECONTAMINATE – Material added to cements or cement slurries for the specific purpose of
counteracting the effects of contamination. (Bul 10C)
DEDENDUM – The distance between the pitch line and root of thread. (RP 5B1)
DEEP PLATE GIRDER – Deep plate grinder with the web stiffened in both the longitudinal and
transverse directions. (Bul 2V)
DEFECT – An imperfection whose size, shape, orientation, location or properties make it
detrimental to the useful service of the pipe or exceed the accept/reject level of the applicable
specification. (RP 5A5)
DEFECT REFLECTION – The oscilloscope presentation of the energy returned by a rejectable
flaw in the material. (RP 2X)
DEFLECTED HOLE – Wellbore which is intentionally deviated. (Bul D20)
DEFLECTION TOOLS – Drilling tools and equipment used to change the inclination and
direction of the drilled wellbore. (Bul D20)
DEFLOCCULATION – Breakup of flocs of gel structures by use of a thinner. (Bul 10C, Bul
D11)
DEFOAMER OR DEFOAMING AGENT – Any substance used to reduce or eliminate foam by
reducing the surface tension. See Antifoam. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
DEFORMED ICE – The antithesis of smooth ice. (Bul 2N)
oF – Degrees Fahrenheit temperature measurement. (WT)
DEHYDRATION – Removal of free or combined water from a material. (Bul 10C)
DEHYDRATION – Loss of water by filtration of cement slurries during or after displacement.
(Bul 10C)
DEHYDRATION – Removal of free or combined water from a compound. (Bul D11)
DEHYDRATION – Removal of water and water vapor by any means form a gas, liquid, or solid.
Dehydration is an essential step in proper purification of compressed air or gas for respiratory
use. (Bul D11)
DELAYED SWEEP – A means of delaying the start of horizontal sweep, thereby eliminating the
presentation of early response data. (RP 2X)
DELETED BIT – Refer to “Crippled Bit.” (Bul D20)
DELIQUESCENCE – The liquefaction of a solid substance due to the solution of the solid by
absorption of moisture from the air, e.g., calcium chloride. (Bul D11)
DELTA EFFECT – Acoustic energy re-radiated by a discontinuity. (RP 2X)
DEMAGNETIZATION – The process of removing part or all of the existing residual magnetism
from the pipe. (RP 5A5)
DEMULSIFIER – A chemical used to “break down” crude oil/water emulsions so the water may
be removed from the oil. (ITOGP)
DENSITY – Mass per unit volume. Absolute density considers only the actual volume occupied
by the material. Bulk density is mass per unit bulk volume which includes the actual volume of
the material plus the volume of trapped air. (Bul 10C)
DENSITY – Matter measured as mass per unit volume expressed in pounds per gallon (ppg),
pounds per square inch per 1,000 ft. of depth (psi/1,000 ft), and pounds per cubic ft. (lb./cu. ft).
Density is commonly referred to as “weight.” (Bul D11)
DENSITY – The weight of a substance per unit of volume. For instance, the density of a drilling
mud may be described as “10 lb. per gallon” or 75 lb. per cubic foot.” (ITOGP)
DENT – A depression that is without metal loss and is caused by striking, or being struck by,
other objects. (Bul 5T1, RP 5A5)
DENT – A local change in surface contour caused by mechanical impact, but not accompanied
by loss of metal. (Bul 5T1)
DEPARTURE – Horizontal displacement of one station form another in an east or west
direction. (Bul D20)
DEPLETION DRIVE – See Solution Gas Drive. (ITOGP)
DEPOLARIZE – To increase rare of corrosion reaction by removing a polarizing corrosion
product. (COGWE, SSWID)
DEPOSITION – Act of depositing upon the surface of an object. (SSWID)
DERMAL TOXICITY – The ability of a chemical to poison an animal or human by skin
absorption. (Bul D11)
DERRICK – A semipermanent structure of square or rectangular cross-section having members
that are latticed or trussed on all four sides. This unit must be assembled in the vertical or
operation position, as it includes no erection mechanism. It may or may not be guyed. (Spec 4F)
DERRICK (MAST) – The steel tower component of a drilling or well servicing rig which
supports the crown block, traveling block, and hoisting lines. Derricks and masts may be
stationary structures normally requiring dismantling and disassembly when moved from location
to location, or may be portable with the capability of being laid down and raised to and from
ground level fully assembled. (RP 54)
DERRICKING – The operation of changing boom angle in a vertical plane. (Spec 2C)
DERRICKMAN – Employee whose work station is in the derrick while pipe or rods are being
hoisted or lowered into the hole. (R 54)
DESALINIZATION – salt removal from sea or brackish water. (Bul D11)
DESALTING – This is a form of emulsion treating which may be identical to conventional
treaters with the addition of supplemental injection and mixing of low salinity water into the feed
emulsion to dilute the brine phase and thereby lower the salt content of the treated crude.
Desalting is used both in oil producing areas and refineries. It may consist of one or more states
to achieve maximum desalting efficiency. (Spec 12L)
DESAND – To remove the API sand. (Bul 13C)
DESANDER – A hydrocyclone capable of removing a very high proportion of the API sand
(particles greater than 74 microns) from a drilling fluid. (Bul 13C)
DESANDER- See Cyclone. (Bul D11)
DESIGN – A detailed plan for a product. (Spec Q1)
DESIGN LIFE – Maximum anticipated operational years of service for the platform, i.e., the
period of time from commencement of construction until removal of the structure. (RP 2T)
DESIGN LOAD – That force or combination of forces which a structure is designed to withstand
without exceeding the allowable stress in any member. (Spec 4F)
DESIGN PRESSURE – Maximum allowable working pressure at the design temperature. (RP
14E)
DESIGN PRESSURE – The pressure used in the design of a vessel for the purpose of
determining the minimum permissible thickness or physical characteristics of the different parts
of the vessel. When applicable, static head shall be added to the design pressure to determine the
thickness of any specific part of the vessel. (Spec 12L)
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS – The requirements set forth by the manufacturer’s engineering
authority for materials manufacturing, fabrication, and inspection procedures to be employed in
the production of the crane. (Spec 2C)
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS – API Specifications, Manufacturer’s Specifications and regulatory
requirements used to control the design. (Spec Q1)
DESIGN REVIEW – A re-examination to determine the appropriateness of assumptions and
methodology, and accuracy of formulations and calculations used to design a product. (Spec Q1)
DESIGN VARIABLES – Quantities that define for the purpose of structural design or analysis a
structural component and material, its state of stress, and the applied loads. (Bul 2V)
DESIGN VERIFICATION – The process of proving design by testing. (Spec Q1)
DESIGNATED – Selected or assigned by the employer or the employer’s representative as being
qualified to perform specific duties. (Spec 2C)
DESIGNER – The person, firm, corporation or other organization employed by the operator to
develop the design, details and specifications for the facility. (RP 2X)
DESILT – To remove the ultra-fine and larger particles. (Bul 13C)
DESILTER – A hydrocyclone capable of removing a very high proportion of the ultra-fine and
larger particles from a drilling fluid. (Bul 13C)
DETECT – The act of locating a flaw or imperfection. (RP 5A5)
DETECTABLE ABNORMAL CONDITION – An abnormal operating condition which can be
automatically detected. (RP 14C)
DETECTOR OR DETECTOR SHOE – A scanning shoe carrying one or more transducers. Is
used to protect transducers from mechanical damage from the pipe surface, etc. (RP 5A5)
DETERGENT – A substance that has cleaning action due to a combination of propreties
including lowering of surface tension, wetting action, emulsifying and dispersing action, and
foam formation in some cases. The present connotation indicates a synthetic derivative in
distinction to soap, which is derived from natural fats and oils. (Bul D11)
DETERGENT – Agent used for cleaning. (SSWID)
DEVELOPMENT WELL – A well drilled in proven territory in a field for the purpose of
completing the desired spacing pattern of production. (ITOGP)
DEVIATION – Refer to “Inclination.” (Bul D20)
DEVIATION ANGLE – Refer to Angle of Inclination.” (Bul D20)
DEVIATION BIT – A bit specifically designed to reduce the tendency to drill a crooked hole.
(Bul D20)
DEVIATION CONTROL TECHNIQUES –
Fulcrum Technique – Utilizes a bending moment principle to create a force on the bit to
counteract reaction forces which are tending to push the bit in a given direction.
Mechanical Technique – Utilizes bottom-hole equipment which is not normally a part of the
conventional drill string to add deviation control. This equipment acts to force the bit to turn the
hole in inclination.
Packed-hole Technique – Utilizes the hole wall to minimize the bending of the bottom-hole
assembly.
Pendulum Technique – The basic principle involved is gravity or the “plum-bob effect.” (Bul
D20)
DEVIATION SURVEY – Refer to “Inclination Survey.” (Bul D20)
DEVIATION TYPE –
Abnormal Deviation – Usually associated with highly faulted formations having fracture planes
on either side of a fault.
Abrupt Deviation – Usually associated with interbedded, aniostropic, or laminar formations.
Drift Deviation – Usually associated with a gradual hole angle change.
Induced Deviation – Man-made, either intentional or unintentional.
Rotational Deviation – Usually results from the bit moving in a slow spiral due to drill stem
rotation. (Bul D20)
DEW POINT – The state of a vapor-phase system when it is in equilibrium with an infinitesimal
amount of liquid phase. (RP 44)
DEW-POINT PRESSURE – The fluid pressure in a system at its dew point. (Often used
interchangeably with “saturation pressure.”) (RP 44)
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH – An infusorial earth composed of siliceous skeletons of diatoms
and being very porous. Sometimes used for combating lost circulation and as an additive to
cement; also has been added to special drilling fluids for a particular purpose. (Bul 10C, Bul
D11)
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH FILTRATION – A process in which a filter cake or precoat of
diatomaceous earth is used as a filter medium. (SSWID)
DIESEL-ELECTRIC OR GAS-ELECTRIC RIG – A rotary drilling rig using self-generated
electric power. (Bul D10)
DIESEL-OIL PLUG – See Gunk Plug. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
DIFFERENTIAL – A difference in quantity or degree between two measurements or units (as
the pressure differential across a choke – i.e., the pressure on one side of the choke compared
with the pressure on the other side). (See Differential Pressure). (WLOP)
DIFFERENTIAL ANGLE DECK – A screen deck in which successive screening surfaces of the
same deck are at different angles. (Bul 12C)
DIFFERENTIAL GAS LIBERATION – A process whereby gas that is liberated from solution in
the oil is removed from contact with the oil as soon as it is liberated. There is a continuous
change in the mass and composition of the system. (RP 44)
DIFFERENTIAL PEN – Marking device on an orifice meter recording the difference between
upstream pressure and downstream pressure across an orifice plate. Usually calibrated in inches
of water difference. (WT)
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE – The difference between the inlet and outlet pressures measured
near the inlet and outlet openings. (Bul 13C)
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE – The difference in pressure between hydrostatic head of the
drilling fluid column and the formation pressure at any given depth in the hole. It can be positive,
zero, or negative with respect to the hydrostatic head. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE – The difference between two fluid pressures (e.g., the difference
between the pressure in a reservoir and the pressure in a wellbore drilled into the reservoir; the
difference in pressure on either side of a restriction in a pipeline; the difference between the
atmospheric pressure at sea level and at 10,000 ft.,etc.) See Differential.) (WLOP)
DIFFERENTIAL-PRESSURE (WALL) STICKING – Sticking which occurs because part of the
drill string (usually the drill collars) becomes embedded in the filter cake resulting in a nonuniform
distribution of pressure around the circumference of the pipe. The conditions essentially
for sticking require a permeable formation and a pressure differential across a nearly
impermeable filter cake and drill string. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
DIFFERENTIAL STICKING – The action of a differential pressure holding the drill stem
against the wall of the borehole. (Bul D20)
DIFFERENTIAL WIRING – Electrically connected in opposed series such that the output of one
coil effectively opposes the other coil. In search coils, the differential wiring results in equal and
opposite voltages being developed when the magnetic field changes equally in each coil. Thus,
no net voltage output is produced. (RP 5A5)
DIFFRACTION – The deflection of a wave front when passing the edges of an obstacle. (RP
2X)
DIFFUSE INDICATIONS – (Magnetic particle) Indications that are not clearly defined as, for
example, indications of subsurface defects. (RP 5A5)
DIFFUSE REFLECTION – Scattered incoherent reflections caused by rough surfaces or
associate interface reflections of ultrasonic waves from irregularities of the same order of
magnitude or greater than the wave length. (RP 2X)
DIFFUSION – The spreading, scattering, or mixing of a material (gas, liquid, or solid). Bul 10C,
Bul D11)
DILATANT FLUID – A dilatant or inverted plastic fluid is usually made up of a high
concentration of well-dispersed solids which exhibits a non-linear consistency curve passing
through the origin. The apparent viscosity increases instantaneously with increasing rate of shear.
The yield point, as determined by conventional calculations from the direct-indicating
viscometer readings, is negative; however, the true yield point is zero. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
DILUENT – Liquid added to dilute or thin a solution. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
DILUTION – Increasing the liquid content of a slurry, by addition of water, oil or other fluid
constituting the liquid phase. (Bul 13C)
DILUTION RATIO – Ratio of volume of dilution liquid to the volume of raw mud in the feed to
a liquid-solid separator. (Bul 13C)
DILUTION RATIO – The ratio of the volume of water of a stream to the volume of incoming
waste. The capacity of a stream to assimilate waste is partially dependent upon the dilution
ration. (Bul D11)
DILUTION WATER – Water used for dilution of raw mud. (Bul 13C)
DING (E) – A flattened area or indentation on a chamfer or thread crest caused by mechanical
impact. (Bul 5T1)
DINGE – See Dent. (RP 5A5)
DIRECT CURRENT (dc) – Refers To an electric current flowing continually in one direction
only through a conductor. (RP 5A5)
DIRECT FIRED VESSEL – A vessel in which the temperature of fluids is increased by the
addition of heat supplied by a flame. The flame is applied direct to the fluid container. (RP 2G)
DIRECT IGNITION SOURCE – A point of sufficient temperature and heat capacity to ignite a
combustible mixture. (RP 14C)
DIRECT-INDICATING VISCOMETER – See Viscometer, Direct-Indicating. (Bul 10C, Bul
D11)
DIRECTION – Refers to the azimuth; direction of vertical projection of the hole onto a
horizontal plane. (Bul D20)
DIRECTION CONTROL – Refer to “Controlled Directional Drilling.” (Bul D20)
DIRECTION OF CLOSURE – The direction of the line of closure. (Bul D20)
DIRECTION OF INCLINATION – The direction of the course. (Bul D20)
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING – Drilling a well at a controlled angle form vertical. (Bul 10C)
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING – Refer to “Controlled Directional Drilling.” (Bul D20)
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING CONTRACTOR – A service company that can supply the special
deflecting tools, bottom-hole assemblies, survey instruments, and a technical representative to
perform the directional drilling aspects of the operation. (Bul D20)
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING DATA SHEET – Data sheet on which a detailed description of the
bottom-hole assembly and operating parameters are indicated as a function of depth. (Bul D20)
DIRECTIONAL HOLES – Boreholes purposely drilled in a planned trajectory other than
vertical; boreholes drilled using controlled directional drilling methods. (Bul D20)
DIRECTIONAL SERVICE COMPANY – Refer to “Directional Drilling Contractor.” (Bul
D20)
DIRECTIONAL SIDETRACK OR DIRECTIONAL REDRILL – (Abbreviated as S/T) A
drilling effort in which an additional hole is drilled by leaving a previously drilled hole at some
depth below the surface and above the total depth. A whipstock is set in the previously drilled
hole which is the starting point for the sidetracking operation. This section of new hole is
directionally drilled to a new objective bottom hole location (target). (Bul 12A)
DIRECTIONAL SURVEILLANCE – Refer to “Controlled Directional Drilling.” (Bul D20)
DIRECTIONAL SURVEY – Refer to “Borehole Directional Survey.” (BulD20)
DIRECTIONAL TURBODRILL – A turbodrill which can follow the hole curvature developed
with a bent sub, usually shorter in length than a straight-hole turbodrill. (Bul D20)
DISCHARGE SPOUT OR LIP – Extension at the discharge end of the screen deck. It may be
vibrating or stationary. (Bul 13C)
DISCONTINUITY – A detectable interruption in the material which may or may not have
undesirable connotations. (RP 2X)
DISCONTINUITY – An interruption in the normal physical structure or configuration of a pipe
such as cracks, laps, seams, pits and laminations. A discontinuity may or may not affect the
usefulness of a pipe or exceed critical flaw size. Also called a flaw or imperfection. (RP 5A5)
DISCOVERY WELL – An exploratory well that encounters a new and previously untapped
petroleum deposit. A successful WILDCAT WELL. (ITOGP)
DISPERSANT – A cement additive which reduces the initial consistency of cement slurries.
(Bul 10C)
DISPERSANT – Any chemical which promotes dispersion of the dispersed phase. (Bul D11)
DISPERSANT – A chemical agent used to break up or disperse concentrations of various liquid
or solid materials. In cleaning oil spills, dispersants are used to disperse oil on the water surface.
(Bul D11)
DISPERSANT – Agent, compatible with the solvent, which holds very finely divided matter in a
dispersed state. (SSWID)
DISPERSED PHASE – The scattered phase (solid, liquid, or gas) of a dispersion. The particles
are finely divided and completely surrounded by the continuous phase. (Bul D11)
DISPERSION (OF AGGREGATES) – Subdivision of aggregates. Dispersion increases the
specific surface of the particle: hence results in an increase in viscosity and gel strength. (Bul
D11)
DISPERSION, SOUND – scattering of an ultrasonic beam as a result of diffuse reflection from a
highly irregular incident surface. (RP 2X)
DISPERSOID – A colloid or finely divided substance. (Bul D11)
DISPLACEMENT – The lateral deistance from the surface location to the primary target. (Bul
D20)
DISPLACEMENT RATE – The volumetric flow rate at which cement slurry is pumped down the
hole. (Bul 10C)
DISPOSAL – The orderly placement or discarding of unwanted material. (Bul D11)
DISPOSAL WELL – A well through which fluid (usually brine) is returned to subsurface
formations. (Bul 10C, ITOGP, SSWID)
DISSOCIATION – The splitting up of a compound or element into two or more simple
molecules, atoms, or ions. Applied usually to the effect of the action of heat or solvents upon
dissolved substances. The reaction is reversible and not as permanent as decomposition; i.e.,
when the solvent is removed, the ions recombine. (Bul D11)
DISSOLVED GAS – Natural gas which is in solution with crude oil in the reservoir. (ITOGP)
DISSOLVED-GAS DRIVE – See Solution-Gas Drive. (ITOGP)
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO) – The oxygen dissolved in water or sewage. Adequately
dissolved oxygen is necessary for the life of fish and other aquatic organisms and for the
prevention of offensive odors. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations generally are due to
discharge of excessive organic solids having high BOD, the result of inadequate waste treatment.
(Bul D11)
DISSOLVED SOLIDS – The total amount of dissolved material, organic and inorganic
contained in water or wastes. Excessive dissolved solids make water unpalatable for drinking and
unsuitable for industrial use. Measurements are expressed as ppm or mg/liter (mg/l). (Bul D11)
DISTILLATION – Process of first vaporizing a liquid and then condensing the vapor into a
liquid (the distillate), leaving behind non-volatile substances, the total solids of a drilling fluid.
The distillate is the water and/or oil content of a fluid. (Bul D11)
DISTORTION ENERGY THEORY – Failure theory defined by the following equation where
the applied stresses are positive for tension and negative for compression. (Bul 2U, 2V)
F2 – fa f0 + f2 + F2
A 0 y
DIVERGENCE – Spreading of ultrasonic waves after leaving search unit, a function of diameter
and frequency. (RP 2X)
DIVERTER – A diverter is a device used to direct tools at a branch connection. (RP 6G)
DIVERTER – A device attached to the wellhead or marine riser to close the vertical access and
direct any flow into a line away from the rig. Diverters differ from blowout preventers in that
flow is not stopped but rather the flow path is redirected away from the rig. (RP 53)
DIVIDED DECK – A deck having a screening surface longitudinally divided by partition(s).
(Bul 13C)
DnV – Det norske Veritas.
DOCUMENTATION – Recorded information. (Spec Q1)
DOG-LEG – The “elbow” caused by a sharp change of direction in the wellbore. (Bul D11)
DOGHOUSE – A small house used for keeping lease records, changing clothes, or any other use
around a lese. (ITOGP)
DOGLEG- A term applied to a sharp change of direction in a wellbore or ditch. Applied also to
the permanent bending of wire rope or pipe. (ITOGP)
DOGLEG ANGLE – Refer to “Dogleg Severity.” (Bul D20)
DOGLEG CONTROL PROGRAM – Program, designed specifically to decrease the severity of
or eliminate doglegs in a drilled hole. (BulD20)
DOGLEG SEVERITY – A measure of the amount of change in the inclination and/or direction
of a borehole, usually expressed in degrees per 100 feet of course length. (Bul D20)
DOGLEG TYPES – (QUALITATIVE) –
Abrupt Dogleg – A dogleg caused by a sudden change in inclination and/or direction over a short
interval.
Deceasing Dogleg – A dogleg in the borehole with the change in inclination returning the
borehole toward vertical.
Excessive Dogleg (Severe Dogleg) – Doglegs larger than Permissible Doglegs.
Increasing Dogleg – A dogleg with in the borehole with the change in inclination increasing the
angle away from vertical.
Long Dogleg – A dogleg with a gradual change in inclination and/or direction over a long
interval.
Permissible Dogleg – A dogleg through which equipment and/or tubulars can be operated
without sticking tools or providing excessive stresses or wear. (Bul D20)
DOLOMITE – A type of sedimentary rock similar to limestone but rich in magnesium carbonate.
Sometimes dolomite is found as the reservoir rock or petroleum. (ITOGP)
DOME – The volume chamber inside the bellows of a gas lift valve. (GL)
DOPE – A viscous material used on casing or tubing threads as a lubricant, and to prevent
corrosion; a tar-base coating for pipelines to prevent corrosion. (ITOGP)
DOSE RATE – The amount of ionizing radiation energy absorbed per unit of mass and time of
irradiated material. Measured in reps, rem and rad. (RP 5A5)
DOSIMETER – A device that measures radiation dose, such as film badge or ionization
chamber. (RP 5A5)
DOT – Department of Transportation.
DOUBLE CRYSTAL METHOD – The method of ultrasonic testing, using two transducers with
one acting as the transmitter and one as the receiver. (RP 2X)
DOUBLE DOGLEGGING – Refer to “S-type Well.” (Bul D20)
DOUBLE FLUTE – Two flutes advancing simultaneously at the same angle and 108o apart. (Bul
13C)
DOUBLE LEAD – See Preferred Term: Double Flute. (Bul 13C)
DOUBLE SEAM PIPE – Pipe having two longitudinal seams formed by the submerged-arc
welding process or the gas metal-arc welding process or the combination welding process. (Spec
5L)
DOUBLE-WALL DRILL PIPE – A two-tube concentric drill pipe assembled with the inner pipe
in compression and the outer pipe in tension. Used to replace drill collars in directional holes.
(Bul D20)
DOUBLES – Drill pipe and tubing pulled from the well two joints at a time. The two joints make
a stand pipe that is set back and racked in the derrick. Three-joint stands are called THRIBBLES,
fours are FOURBLES. (ITOGP)
DOUGHNUT – A ring of wedges that supports a string of pipe or a threaded, tapered ring used
for the same purpose. (ITOGP)
DOWNCOMER – A tube that conducts liquids downward in a vessel (as an absorber, a stripper,
or heater-treater.) (ITOGP)
DOWNHOLE – A term to describe tools, equipment, and instruments used in the wellbore. For
example, a downhole tool is used in the wellbore. Also, conditions or techniques applying to the
wellbore. (ITOGP)
DOWNHOLE MOTOR – A power source located just above the bit to rotate the bit; usually
refers to the turbodrill or the Dyna-Drill. (Bul D20)
DP – An acronym for drill pipe. (RP 5A5)
DRAG – The extra force needed to move the drill stem resulting from the drill stem being in
contact with the wall of the wellbore. (Bul D20)
DRAIN DECK – See Preferred Term: Beach. (Bul 13C)
DRAIN HOLES – Several high-angle holes drilled laterally from a single wellbore into the
producing zone. (Bul D20)
DRAWDOWN – The difference in pressure (psi) between the static (shut-in) bottomhole
pressure and the flowing bottomhole pressure at a constant rate of fluid production. (GL)
DRAWDOWN – The difference between the static and the flowing bottom-hole pressures. The
distance between the static level and the pumping level of the fluid in the annulus of a pumping
well. (ITOGP)
DRAW-OFF – Draining one fluid from a measurement vessel to determine relative volumes of
heavy vs. light fluid. (WT)
DRESS – To sharpen or repair items of equipment (as drilling bits, tools, or sucker rod pumps)
in order to make them ready for reuse. (ITOGP)
DRIFT – A drift is a gage used to check minimum ID of loops, flowline, and nipples. (RP6G)
DRIFT – (1) Horizontal component of the distance from the surface to any certain point in the
wellbore (usually the bottom of the wellbore). (2) Normally random precession in a displacement
gyro caused by stray torques from bearings, pickoffs, imperfect balance, mass shift, etc. (Bul
D20)
DRIFT ANGLE – (1) The angle between the axis of the wellbore and the gravity vertical (refer
to “Inclination”). (2) More or less constant angle at which the wellbore is carried after sufficient
angle has been obtained in the buildup (refer to “Maximum Angle”). (Bul D20)
DRIFT INDICATOR – Refer to “Inclinometer.” (Bul D20)
DRIFT MANDREL – A precision dimensioned cylinder sized to pass through each diameter and
weight of pipe. It is passed through the pipe ID to locate obstructions and/or to assure
compliance with appropriate specifications. (RP 5A5)
DRIFT SURVEY – Refer to “Inclination Survey.” (Bul D20)
DRILL COLLAR – Thick-walled pipe to provide stiffness and concentration of weight at the bit.
(Bul D10)
DRILL COLLARS – Round, square, and triangular drill stem elements utilized to provide a load
on the bit for the purpose of drilling. (Bul D20)
DRILL CORE OR SCHRADER CORE VALVE – Valve in the top of the gas lift valve used in
charging the bellows with nitrogen. (GL)
DRILL PIPE – A portion of the drill string which transmits power to the bit. (Bul D10)
DRILL PIPE – The tubular member of the drill string to which tool joints are attached. (Bul
D20)
DRILL PIPE – A length of tube, usually steel, to which special threaded connections called tool
joints are attached. (RP 54)
DRILL PIPE SAFETY VALVE – An essentially full-opening valve located on the rig floor with
threads to match the drill pipe in use. This valve is used to close off the drill pipe to prevent flow.
(RP 53)
DRILL STEM – The entire drilling assembly from the swivel to the bit composed of the Kelly,
drill string, subs, drill collars, and other downhole tools such as stabilizers and reamers. This
assembly is used to rotate the bit and carry the drilling fluid to the bit. (Bul D20, RP 54)
DRILL STEM BUCKLING – To bend; to become distorted due to effects of forces on the drill
stem in a wellbore. (Bul D20)
DRILL-STEM TEST (DST) – A test to determine whether oil and/or gas in commercial
quantities has been encountered in the wellbore. (Bul D11)
DRILL STRING – A combination of drill pipe, drill collars, and accessory components. (Bul
D10)
DRILL STRING – The drill pipe with tool joints attached. (Bul D20)
DRILL STRING – Several sections or joints of drill pipe joined together. May also refer to
sections or joints of threaded tubing or casing joined together to be used for drilling. (RP 54)
DRILL STRING BEHAVIOR – A term describing the mechanics and action of the drill
string/stem. (Bul D20)
DRILL STRING FATIGUE – The cumulative effect of the stresses imposed on the drill string
due to cyclic stressing during drilling operations. (Bul D20)
DRILL STRING FLOAT – A check valve in the drill string that will allow fluid to be pumped
into the well but will prevent flow from the well through the drill pipe. (RP 53)
DRILL STRING TEST – A test taken by means of special testing equipment run into the
wellbore on the drill string to determine the producing characteristics of a formation. (RP 54)
DRILLED SOLIDS – (See Related Term: Low Specific Gravity Solids.) Formation particles.
(Bul 13C)
DRILLER – Employee directly in charge of a drilling rig and crew. Operation of the drilling and
hoisting equipment constitute his main duties. (RP 54)
DRILLER’S REPORT – A record kept on the rig for each tour to show the footage drilled,
drilling-fluid tests, bit record, and all important occurrences during that tour. (WLOP)
DRILLING AREAS – Those areas in which wells are being drilled, recompleted, or reworked
for the purpose of exploring for or producing oil or gas. Wells meeting any of the conditions of
the above are referred to as “drilling wells.” The term “drilling wells” does not include wells on
which wireline work is being performed through a lubricator or wells into which or from which
pumping equipment is being installed or removed. (RP 500B)
DRILLING COLLISIONS – Refer to “intersection.” (Bul D20)
DRILLING FLUID – A fluid circulated through the bit; an integral part of rotary drilling. It
serves to carry cuttings from the bit. Hole conditions may dictate other necessary functions for
the fluid. The fluid phase may be air (or other gas), water, oil or any combination thereof. (Bul
10C)
DRILLING FLUID OR MUD – A circulating fluid used in rotary drilling to perform any or all
of various functions required in the drilling operation. (Bul D11)
DRILLING FLUID WEIGHT RECORDER – An instrument in the drilling fluid system which
continuously measures drilling fluid density. (RP 53)
DRILLING (HOISTING) LINE – The wireline used in the rig’s main hoisting system. (RP 54)
DRILLING HYDRAULICS – The employment of the science of the effects of fluid velocities
and pressures and forces involved. (Bul D10)
DRILLING IN – The operation during the drilling procedure at the point of drilling into the pay
formation. (Bul D1)
DRILLING MUD – A drilling fluid where the fluid phase is oil, water or a combination thereof
(synonym MUD). (Bul 10C)
DRILLING OUT – The operation during the drilling procedure when the cement is drilled out of
the casing before further hole is made or completion attempted. (Bul D11)
DRILLING OUT – Refers to drilling and removal of material which normally remains in the
casing or wellbore after cementing. (RP 54)
DRILLING RIG – Equipment and machinery assembled primarily for the purpose of drilling or
boring a hole in the ground. (RP 54)
DRILLING SPOOL – A connection component with ends either flanged or hubbed. It must
have an internal diameter at least equal to the bore of the blowout preventer and can have smaller
side outlets for connecting auxiliary liens. (RP 53)
DRIP – The small quantities of liquid hydrocarbons which sometimes condense in a natural gas
line. Also the equipment installed on a gas line to remove liquids. (ITOGP)
DRIVE – All the immediate elements used to provide motive power to the mud processing
equipment, such as V-belts, sheaves, motor, and motor base. (Bul 13C)
DRIVE PIPE – A relatively short string of large diameter pipe driven or forced into the ground
to function as “conductor pipe.” (RP 53, RP 54)
DROOP ERROR – The error introduced by the hanging downward of the protruding instrument
extending through and ahead of the rigger bit. (Bul D20)
DROP OFF – That portion of the wellbore in which the inclination is reduced (refer to “Angle
Drop Off). (Bul D20)
DROP-OFF INTERVAL – The interval in the wellbore where the inclination angle is purposely
deceased and returned toward the vertical. (Bul D20)
DROP-OFF RATE – The rate of change of the inclination in the part of the wellbore where the
inclination angle is purposely returned toward the vertical, usually expressed in degrees per 100
feet of course length. (Bul D20)
DROP TIME – The amount of time needed for a “go-devil” type instrument to fall from the
surface through the drilling fluid within the drill stem to the desired position. (Bul D20)
DROP-TYPE SURVEY – A directional or inclination survey taken with an instrument that is
free released to fall within the drill stem to the desired position within the wellbore. (Bul D20)
DRUM-ROPE – A rotating cylinder with side flanges on which wire rope used in machine
operation is wrapped. (Spec 2C)
DRUNKEN THREAD – Distortions in the spiral path of a thread around the pin. Sometimes
applied to wavy threads or threads which crests that undulate around the periphery of the threads.
(Bul 5T1, RP 5A5)
DRY BOTTOM – A dry condition at the underflow of a hydrocyclone. (Bul 13C)
DRY GAS – Natural gas that is produced without liquid hydrocarbons. Also gas that has been
dehydrated o remove water (pipeline gas). (ITOGP)
DRY HOLE – Any exploratory or development well that does not produce oil or gas in
commercial quantities. (ITOGP)
DRY METHOD – A magnetic particle inspection method in which the particles employed are in
dry powder form. (RP 5A5)
DRY PLUG – The plugging of the underflow opening of a dry bottom hydrocyclone. (Bul 13C)
DUAL SEARCH UNIT (TWIN PROBE) – A probe or search unit containing two elements, one
a transmitter, the other a receiver (T-R, S-E). (RP 2X)
DUAL TRANSDUCER – An ultrasonic probe containing two piezoelectric crystals, one for
transmitting and one for receiving. (RP 5A5)
DUALLY COMPLETED WELLS – Wells producible from two separate and distinct zones
having separate production strings. Zones are separated by packers and production may be
through two strings of tubing, or through one string of tubing and casing tubing annulus. (WT)
DUMMY – A blank tool installed in a side pocket gas lift mandrel landing nipple and/or sliding
sleeve. (WLOP)
DUMP VALVE – The discharge valve through which oil and water are discharged from
separators, treaters, etc. (ITOGP)
DUMP VALVE – A valve on a production vessel which opens automatically at high liquid level
and closes to stop flow at low liquid level. Usually actuated by float control but may be
diaphragm, or electrically operated. (WT)
DYNAMIC – The state of being active or in motion; opposed to static. (Bul D11)
DYNAMIC-LOADING – Loads introduced into the machine or its components due to
accelerating or decelerating forces. (Spec 2C)
DYNAMIC-LOADING – Loading imposed upon a structure as a result of motion as opposed to
static loading. (Spec 4F)
DYNAMIC RANGE – The ratio of maximum to minimum reflective areas that can be
distinguished on the cathode ray tube at a constant gain setting. (RP 2X)
DYNAMIC STRESS – Varying or fluctuating stress occurring in a structural member as a result
of dynamic loading. (Spec 4F)
DYNAMOMETER – As applied to sucker-rod pumping, the dynamometer records the variation
in load on the polished rod as the rod string reciprocates. (ITOGP)
-EEARTHFILL
STRUCTURE – A gravity structure made from gravel or other earthfill material.
(Bul 2N)
ECCENTRICITY – A condition of pipe in which the OD and ID axes are not coincident,
resulting in wall thickness variation around the circumference at a given section plane. (Bul
5T1)
ECHO – Indication of reflected energy. (RP 2X)
ECOLOGY – The interrelationships of living things to one another and to their environment, or
the study of such interrelationships. (Bul D11)
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT – The total effect of an environmental change, either natural or madmade,
on the ecology of the area. (Bul D11)
ECONOMICS – Analysis of capital, labor, wages, prices, tariffs, taxes, etc. (SSWID)
ECOSYSTEM – The interacting system of a biological community and its non-living
environment. (Bul D11)
EDDY CURRENT – Circulating current caused to flow in the pipe by varying magnetic fields.
(RP 5A5)
EFFECTIVE BEAM ANGLE – That beam angle which, when plotted for a flat workpiece of
the same thickness, accounts for the lengthening of skip distance which occurs in a curved test
piece. (RP 2X)
EFFECTIVE FLANGE BREADTH – The reduced breadth of a plate subjected to bending an/or
tensile load, which, with an assumed uniform stress distribution, produces the same effect on the
behavior of a structural member as the actual breadth of the plate with its nonuniform stress
distribution. While the effective flange breadth applies to a member under bending and/or
tensile loading, and is associated with shear lag effects. (Bul 2V)
EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH – The reduced width of a plate subjected to compressive load,
which, with an assumed uniform stress distribution produces the same effect on the behavior of
a structural member as the actual width of the plate with its nonuniform stress distribution. (Bul
2V)
EFFECTIVE LENGTH (KLt) – The equivalent length used in compression formulas and
determined by a bifurcation analysis. (Bul 2U)
EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR (K) – The ratio between the effective length and the unbraced
length of the member. (Bul 2U)
EFFECTIVE PENETRATION – The maximum depth in a material at which the ultrasonic
transmission is sufficient for proper detection of discontinuities. (RP 2X)
EFFECTIVE PERMEABILITY – The permeability of a rock to a fluid when the rock is not 100
percent saturated with the fluid. See Permeability. (ITOGP)
EFFECTIVE POROSITY – The percentage of the bulk volume of a rock sample that is
composed of interconnected pore spaces, allowing the passage of fluids through the sample. See
Porosity. (ITOGP)
EFFECTIVE SCREENING AREA – Portion of screen surface available for material separation.
(Bul 13C)
EFFECTIVE SECTION – Stiffener together with the effective width of shell acting with the
stiffener. (Bul 2U)
EFFECTIVE SIZE – A term used in specifying sand. It is the sieve size in millimeters that
permits 10 percent of the filter sand by weight to pass. (SSWID)
EFFECTIVE THREAD LENGTH – Threads having fully formed roots, but not necessarily
finished crests. (RP 5B1)
EFFECTIVE WIDTH – The reduced width of shell or plate which, with an assumed uniform
stress distribution, produces the same effect on the behavior of a structural member as the actual
width of shell or plate with its nonuniform stress distribution. (Bul 2U)
EFFICIENCY – The percentage relation of output to input. (Bul D10)
EFFLUENT – See Preferred Term: Overflow. (Bul 13C)
EFFLUENT – A discharge of liquids and/or solids into the environment, partially or completely
treated or in their natural state. Generally used in regard to discharges into waters. (Bul D11)
EFFLUENT – A discharge of liquid – generally used to describe a stream of liquid after some
attempt at separation or purification has been made. (SSWID)
EFFLUENT SEEPAGE – Diffuse discharge into the ground of liquids that have percolated
through solid waste or another medium; they contain dissolved or suspended materials. (Bul
D11)
ELASTIC BUCKLING STRESS – The buckling stress of a cylinder based upon elastic behavior.
(Bul 2U)
ELASTOMER – Any of the class of materials, including natural and synthetic rubbers, which
return to their original shape after being subjected to large deformations. (RP 2T)
ELBOW – A fitting that allows two pipes or nipples to be joined together at an angle of less than
180o, usually 90 o or 45 o. (Slang term for elbow is “ell”). (WLOP)
ELECTRIC HORSEPOWER (EHP) – Kilowatts x 0.746. (Bul D10)
ELECTRIC LINE – Single or multiple electrical conductor housed within a braided wireline.
(RP 57)
ELECTRIC LOGGING – See Well Log. (Bul 10C)
ELECTRIC LOGGING – Electric logs are run on a wireline to obtain information concerning
the porosity, permeability, fluid content of the formations drilled, and other information. The
drilling-fluid characteristics may need to be altered to obtain good logs. (Bul D11)
ELECTRIC-WELDED PIPE – Defined as pipe having one longitudinal seam formed by electricflash
welding or electric-resistance welding, without the addition of extraneous metal. The weld
seam of electric-welded pipe shall be heat treated after welding to a minimum temperature of
1000 oF (538 oC), or processed in such a manner that no untempered martensite remains. (Spec
5A)
ELECTRIC-WELDED PIPE – Pipe having one longitudinal seam formed by electric-resistance
welding, or electric-induction welding without the additional extraneous metal. The weld seam
of electric-resistance welded pipe and induction welded pipe in grades higher thanX42 shall be
heat treated after welding to a minimum temperature of 1000 oF (538 oC). For grades X42 and
lower, the weld seam shall be similarly heat treated, or the pipe shall be processed in such a
manner that no untempered martensite remains. (Spec 5L)
ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF AREAS – For purpose of this document, locations are
classified according to APR RP 500B: Recommended Practice for Classification of Areas for
Electrical Installations at Drilling Rigs and Production Facilities on Land and on Marine Fixed
and Mobile Platforms. (RP 54)
ELECTRICAL ENCLOSURE – The case or housing of electrical apparatus provided to prevent
personnel from accidentally contacting energized parts, and/or to protect the equipment from
physical damage and the environment. Also certain enclosures serve to prevent electrical
equipment from being a source of ignition of flammable mixtures outside the enclosure. (RP
14F)
ELECTRICAL NOISE – Extraneous signals caused by externally radiated electrical signals or
form electrical interferences within the ultrasonic instrumentation. (RP 2X)
ELECTROSTATIC TREATER – An emulsion treating vessel that utilizes an electrical grid and
usually a fire tube to coalesce the fluid. This type of treater usually operates at lower
temperature than ones without grids. (Spec 12L)
ELECTROCHEMICAL – Chemical changes associated with flow of electric current. (COGWE,
SSWID)
ELECTROLYTE – A substance which dissociates into charged positive and negative ions when
in solution or a fused state and which will then conduct an electric current. Acids, bases, and
salts are common electrolytes. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
ELECTROLYTE – A liquid or soil capable of conducting electric current. (COGWE, SSWID)
ELECTROMAGNET (EM) – When ferromagnetic material is surrounded by a current carrying
coil it becomes magnetized and is called an electromagnet. (RP 5A5)
ELECTRONIC PULSER – See Pulser. (RP 5A5)
ELECTRONIC YAW EQUIPMENT® (registered trademark of Scientific Drilling Controls) –
Term used to describe the “EYE Tool” (refer to “EYE Tool”). (Bul D20)
ELEVATION – Height above sea level. (SSWID)
ELEVATION – Measurement of a well location or a plane on a drilling well above a specified
datum, usually sea level. (WLOP)
ELEVATORS – Latches which secure the drill pipe; attached to the traveling block which raises
and lowers the pipe from the hole. (Bul 10C)
ELEVATORS – Mechanical device attached to the traveling block which latches around and
supports the pipe during hoisting or lowering operations. (RP 54)
EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN (ESD) SYSTEM – A system of manual stations which, when
activated, initiate platform shutdown. (RP 14C)
EMI – Acronym for Electromagnetic Inspection including flux leakage and eddy current
inspection. (RP 5A5)
EMI INSPECTION – A colloquial expression for new pipe inspection performed with an
inspection unit having these four scanners:
a. Rotating scanner for detection of longitudinal defects.
b. Fixed scanner for detecting transverse defects.
c. Rotating scanner for wall thickness measurement.
d. Grade verifier or comparator (optional). (RP 5A5)
EMISSION FACTOR – The average amount of a pollutant emitted from each type of polluting
source in relation to a specific amount of material processed. (Bul D11)
EMISSION STANDARD – The maximum amount of a pollutant legally permitted to be
discharged from a signal source either mobile or stationary. (Bul D11)
EMULSIFIER OR EMULSIFYING AGENT – A substance used to produce an emulsion of two
liquids which do not mix. Emulsifiers may be divided, according to their behavior, into ionic and
non-ionic agents. The ionic types may be further divided into anionic, cationic, and amphoteric,
depending upon the nature of the ion-active groups. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
EMULSION – A substantially permanent heterogeneous liquid mixture of two or more liquids
which do not dissolve in each other but which are held is suspension or dispersion, one in the
other, by mechanical agitation or, more frequently, by adding small amounts of substances
known as emulsifiers. Emulsions may be mechanical, chemical, or a combination of the two.
They may be oil-in-water types or water-in-oil types. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
EMULSION – A mixture of oil and water that requires treatment before the oil and water will
separate. (GL)
EMULSION – A mixture of crude oil and formation water. Generally requires time and heat,
chemicals (called DEMULSIFIERS or EMULSION BREAKERS) or electricity to separate the
water form the oil. (ITOGP)
EMULSION – A relatively stable dispersion of water and oil which normally exists in the
production stream from flowing or pumped oil wells. (Spec 12L)
EMULSION – A mixture of two or more liquids which do not mix together under normal
conditions. One liquid is mixed throughout the other in small droplets. (WT)
EMULSOID – Colloidal particles which take up water. (Bul D11)
ENCIRCLING COIL – A coil surrounding the pipe under test. (RP 5A5)
ENCLOSED AND GASKETED BUSWAY – An enclosed and gasketed, grounded metal
enclosure containing factory mounted, bare or insulated conductors which are usually copper or
aluminum bars, rods, or tubes (see Article 364 of the NEC). (RP 14F)
ENCLOSED AND GASKETED LIGHTING FIXTURES – Lightning fixtures (formerly referred
to as “vapor-tight”) designed to prevent the entrance of gas and vapors. Such enclosures will not
absolutely prevent the entrance of gases and vapors, as such tend to “breathe” as they are heated
and cooled. (RP 14F)
ENCLOSED AREA (ROOM BUILDING, OR SPACE) – A three-dimensional space enclosed
by more than two thirds (2/3) of the possible projected plane surface area and of sufficient size to
allow the entry of personnel. For a typical building, this would require that more than two-thirds
(2/3) of the walls, ceiling, and/or floor be present. (RP 500 B)
ENCLOSURE – A structure which may provide environmental protection for the machine. (Spec
2C)
ENCLOSURE, ELECTRICAL – The case or housing of electrical apparatus provided to prevent
personnel from accidentally contacting energized parts and to protect the equipment from
physical damage. Certain enclosures also serve to prevent electrical equipment from being a
source of ignition of flammable mixtures outside the enclosure. (RP 500B)
ENCLOSURE, EXPLOSION-PROOF – An enclosure which is capable of withstanding an
explosion of a gas or vapor within it and of preventing the subsequent ignition of a flammable
gas or vapor which may surround it, and which operates at such an external temperature that a
surrounding flammable gas or vapor will not be ignited. (RP 500B)
ENCLOSURE, PURGED – An enclosure supplied with clean air or an inert gas at sufficient
flow and positive pressure to reduce the concentration of any flammable gases or vapors initially
present to an acceptably safe level and to maintain this safe level by positive pressure with or
without continuous flow. Reference NFPA No. 496. (RP 500B)
END AND OUTLET CONNECTIONS – Integral threads, male or female; and flanges, studded
or through-bolted used to join together equipment that contains or controls pressure. (Spec 6A,
Spec 16A)
END DAMAGE – Damage to the pipe, such as during loading, unloading or that resulting from
longitudinal shifting of the load and striking a bulkhead or an adjacent pipe pile. (RP 5L5)
END EFFECT – The reduction in magnetization near the ends of a length of magnetized pipe
due to the demagnetizing effect of the poles at the pipe ends. (RP 5A5)
END POINT – Indicates the end of some operation or when a definite change is observed. In
titration, this change is frequently a change in color of an indicator which has been added to the
solution or the disappearance of a colored reactant. (Bul D11)
ENGINE HORSEPOWER (ENGINE RATING) – Refer to API STD 7B-11C. This standard
covers rating of internal combustion engines. The MAXIMUM rating is not usable. The
INTERMITTENT rating is applicable to joisting. The CONTINUOUS rating is applicable to
pumping. (Bul D10)
ENGINEER – The person who acts on behalf of the Owner during construction. (RP 2X)
ENGINEER, MUD OR DRILLING-FLUID – One versed in drilling fluids whose duties are to
manage, carry through, and maintain the various types of oil-well drilling fluid programs. (Bul
10C, Bul D11)
ENTRAINED GAS – Gas suspended in bubbles in a stream of liquid such as water or oil.
(ITOGP)
ENTRAINED LIQUIDS – Mist-size liquid droplets occurring gas stream. Special designed
separators, with a MIST EXTRACTOR, are used to remove the liquid from the gas stream.
(ITOGP)
ENTRANCE – See Preferred Term: Inlet. (Bul 13C)
ENTRANCE HOLE DIAMETER – Entrance hole diameter is the average diameter of the hole
through the 3/8-in. thick steel faceplate on the core target. It shall be measured twice at right
angles and the average of the two measurements reported. (RP 43)
ENVIRONMENT – The sum of all external conditions and influences affecting the life,
development, and ultimately the survival of an organism. (Bul D11)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT – A document prepared by a Federal agency on
the environmental impact of its proposals for legislation and other major actions significantly
affecting the quality of the human environment. Environmental impact statements are used as
stools for decision-making and are required by the National Environmental Policy Act. (Bul
D11)
ENVIRONMENTAL SEAL – A seal which uses O-rings, epoxy, molded elastomer, silicone
compound, or potting compound to prevent corrosion due to moisture or vapors. (RP 14F)
EP – Explosion Proof
EPA – The Environmental Protection Agency, a Federal agency.
EP ADDITIVE – See Extreme-pressure Lubricant. (Bul D11)
EPM OR EQUIVALENTS PER MILLION – Unit chemical weight of solute per million unit
weights of solution. The epm of a solute in solution is equal to the ppm (parts per million)
divided by the equivalent weight. Refer also to PPM. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
EQUALIZING FEATURE (EF) – An SSSV mechanism which permits the well pressure to
bypass the SSSV closing element to aid in opening the valve. (RP 14B, Spec 14A)
EQUIPMENT – Any single completed unit that can be used for its intended purpose without
further processing or assembly (e.g., a valve, choke, cross, tee, spool, etc.). (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR – Employee who operates equipment or devices. (RP 54)
EQUIVALENT CIRCULATING DENSITY – For a circulating fluid, the equivalent circulating
density in lb/gal equals the hydrostatic head (psi) plus the total annular pressure drop (psi)
divided by the depth (ft) and by 0.052. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
EQUIVALENT SPHERICAL DIAMETER OR ESD – (See Related Term: Particle Size.) The
theoretical dimension usually referred to when the sixes of irregularly shaped small particles are
discussed. These dimensions can be determined by several methods, such as: settling velocity,
electrical resistance, and light reflection. (Bul 13C)
EQUIVALENT WIGHT OR COMBINING WEIGHT – The atomic or formula weight of an
element, compound, or ion divided by its valence. Elements entering into combination always
do so in quantities proportional to their equivalent weights. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
ERDA – Energy Research and Development Administration, a Federal agency.
ERECTION LOAD – The load produced in the mast and its supporting structure during the
raising and lowering operation. (Spec 4F)
ERODED ORIENTATION POCKETS – Enlargements made on one side of the wellbore by
getting methods. (Bul D20)
ERW PIPE – Pipe having one longitudinal seam formed by electric-flash welding or electricresistance
welding, without the addition of extraneous metal. (RP 5A5)
ESD – Emergency Shut-Down. A system of stations which, when activated, initiate platform
shut-down. (RP 14B)
ESTUARIES – Areas where the fresh water meets salt water. For example, bays, mouths of
rivers, salt marshes, and lagoons. Estuaries are delicate ecosystems; they serve as nurseries or
spawning and feeding grounds for a large group of marine life and provide shelter and food for
birds and wildlife. (Bul D11)
EVALUATION – Process of determining the severity of the flaw which leads to determining
whether the pipe is acceptable or rejectable under the appropriate specification. (RP 5A5)
EVAPORATION PONDS – Shallow, artificial ponds into which liquids or aqueous suspensions
are pumped, permitted to dry, and either removed or buried by more added materials. (Bul D11)
EXCESS TEMPERATURE – Temperature in a process component in excess of the rated
working temperature. (RP 14C)
EXCESSIVE REINFORCEMENT (EXCESSIVE OVER-FILL) – Outside weld beads which
extend above the prolongation of the original surface of the pipe (more than 1/8 in. for pipe
having a thickness of ½ in. and under, and more than 3/16 in. for a pipe having a thickness of
over ½ in.). (Bul 5T1)
EXCESS TRIM – Ref. API Spec 5L. (Bul 5T1)
EXIT DUCT – See Preferred Term: Overflow Opening. (Bul 13C)
EXPANDED PERLITE – A siliceous volcanic rock that is ground to small size and subjected to
extreme temperature in an oven, resulting in an expansion and release of combined water,
leaving the rock particle considerable expanded and porous. (Bul 10C)
EXPANSION BELLOWS – A corrugated piping device designed for absorbing expansion and
contraction. (RP 14E)
EXPANSION BEND – A piping configuration designed to absorb expansion and contraction.
(RP 14E)
EXPANSION LOOP – A bend placed in a line to absorb line movement or “line crawl” due to
expansion and contraction of the pipe. (ITOGP)
EXPERIMENTAL PERMEABILITY RATIO – The experimental permeability ratio (kp/ko) is
the ratio of the perforated effective permeability to the original effective permeability. These
permeabilities are determined from flow tests on the core target. (RP 43)
EXPLORATORY WELL – See Wildcat Well. (ITOGP)
EXPLOSION-PROOF ENCLOSURE – An enclosure which is capable of withstanding an
explosion of a gas or vapor within it and of preventing the ignition of an explosive gas or vapor
which may surround it, and which operates at such an external temperature that a surround
explosive gas or vapor will not be ignited thereby. (See Section 2.3) (RP 14F)
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS – The explosive limits of a gas or vapor are the lower and upper
percentages by volume of concentration of gas in a gas-air mixture that will form an ignitible
mixture. (See U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 627, Flammability Characteristics of Combustive
Gases and Vapors.) (RP 14F)
EXTERNAL GUYLINES – Lines which provide stability and run from some point in the
derrick, mast, or pole to ground anchors or to a special substructure or derrick base which
provides a substitute for ground anchors. (RP 54)
EXTERNAL THREAD – A thread on the outside surface of a pipe. (RP5A5, RP 5B1)
EXTERNAL UPSET – An extra-thick wall at the threaded end of drill pipe or tubing. Externally
upset pipe does not have a uniform outside diameter throughout its length but is enlarged at each
end. (WLOP)
EXTRA-WEIGHT DRILL PIPE® (Registered trademark of Reed Drilling Tools, Inc.) –
Commercial name for a particular manufacturer’s heavy weight drill pipe. (Bul D20)
EXTRAPOLATED THICKENING TIME – The time required for a cement slurry to reach a
consistency of 100 Bearden units of consistency (Bc) obtained by extending the curve recorded
during a thickening-time test which may be stopped at 70 under given conditions. See API Spec
10. (Bul 10C)
EXTREME OFFSET – An estimated maximum offset of the platform corresponding to given
environmental conditions. (RP 2T)
EXTREME-PRESSURE LUBRICANT – Additives which, when added to the drilling fluid,
impart lubrication to the bearing surfaces when subjected to extreme pressure conditions. (Bul
10C, Bul D11)
-FoF
– Degrees Fahrenheit temperature measurement. (WT)
FABRICATOR – The person, firm, company, or corporation executing the contract or agreement
with the purchaser to fabricate the structural steel pipe. (Spec 2B)
FACTORY SEAL – A factory seal is a seal provided in an explosion-proof device during
manufacture for the purpose of eliminating external, field-installed “conduit seals” for that
device. (RP 14F)
FAIL SAFE – Said of equipment or a system so constructed that, in the event of failure or
malfunction of any part of the system, devices are automatically activated to stabilize or secure
the safety of the operation. (ITOGP)
FAIL-SAFE DEVICE – A device, which upon loss of the control medium, automatically shifts
to the safe position. (RP 14B, Spec 14A)
FAILURE – Any condition of the SSSV system that prevents it from performing the design
function of preventing uncontrolled well flow; e.g., inability to close due to breakage, erosion,
corrosion or fouling. (RP 14B, Spec 14A)
FAILURE – Improper performance of a device or equipment item that prevents completion of its
design function. (RP 14C, RP 14H, Spec 14D)
FAIRLEAD – A device to guide wire rope for proper spooling. (Spec 2C)
FALSE INDICATION – An indication that may be interpreted erroneously as an imperfection or
defect. An irrelevant indication. Sometimes called artifact. (RP 5A5)
FALSE SET – An abnormal early thickening of cement slurry wherein the slurry remains
pumpable for the usual thickening time. The thickening may be reversible during the pumping
history of the slurry. (Bul 10C)
FALSE STARTING THREAD – A circumferential tool mark on a round thread chamfer that
precedes the actual starting thread. Sometimes referred to as a double starting thread. (Bul 5T1)
FAR FIELD – The region beyond the near field in which intervals of high and low acoustic
transmission intensity cease to occur. (RT 2X)
FAST ICE – Any type of sea ice that remains attached to a shoreline, island, or grounded ice
features. (Bul 2N)
FAST ICE ZONE – Any type of se ice that remains attached to a shoreline (sometimes called
landfast) or grounded. (Bul 2N)
FAST LINE – The end of the hoisting (drilling) line which is affixed to the drum or reel. (RP 54)
FASTLINE – See Whip Line. (Spec 2C)
FATIGUE – Failure of a metal under repeated loading. (COGWE, ITOGP)
FATIGUE – Failure of a metal under repeated loading and stress. (SSWID)
FATIGUE FAILURE – Failure of equipment due to cumulative effect of repeated change of
stress. (Bul D20)
FATIGUE LIFE – Number of cycles a metal can endure at a given stress level before failure will
occur. (Bul D20)
FAULT – Geological term denoting a formation break, upward or downward, in the subsurface
strata. Faults can significantly affect the area drilling fluid and casing programs. (Bul D11)
FEATHEREDGE – A thin sharp crested portion of a thread normally formed when the starting
thread on round or buttress (pipe threads) runs out to the face of the pipe and not on the chamfer.
(Bul 5R1)
FEED OR FEED SLURRY – A mixture of solids and liquid entering a liquid-solids separation
machine, including dilution liquid if used. (Bul 13C)
FEED CAPACITY – (See Related Terms: Liquid Capacity, Solids Discharge Capacity.) The
maximum feed rate that a solids separation device can effectively handle, dependent upon
particle size, particle concentration, viscosity, and other variables. (Bul 13C)
FEED CHAMBER – That part of a device which receives the mixture of diluents, mud, and
solids to be separated. (Bul 13C)
FEED HEADER – (See Related Term: Feed Manifold.) A pipe, tube, or conduit to which two or
more hydrocyclones are connected and from which they receive their feed slurry. (Bul 13C)
FEED MANIFOLD – An arrangement by which liquids, solids, or slurries from one or more
sources can be fed to one or more solids separation devices. (Bul 13C)
FEED OPENING – See Preferred Term: Inlet. (Bul 13C)
FEED PRESSURE – The actual gage pressure measured as near as possible to, and upstream of,
the inlet of a device. (Bul 13C)
FEMALE CONNECTION – A pipe or rod coupling with the threads on the inside. (ITOGP)
FERMENTATION – Decomposition process of certain organic substance, e.g., starch in which a
chemical change is brought about by enzymes, bacteria, or other micro-organisms. Often referred
to as “souring.” (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
FERROMAGNETIC – A term applied to magnetic materials that can be magnetized or strongly
attracted by a magnetic field. (RP 5A5)
FIBER OR FIBROUS MATERIALS – Any tough stringy material used to prevent loss of
circulation or to restore circulation. If field use, fiber generally refers to the larger fibers of plant
origin. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
FIELD – An area consisting of a single reservoir or multiple reservoirs all grouped on, or related
to, the same individual geological structural feature and/or stratigraphic condition. The field
name refers to the surface area, although at times it may refer to both the surface and the
underground productive formation. (ITOGP)
FIELD – Any area other than the authorized facility of the original equipment manufacturer. (RP
14B, RP 14H)
FIELD END – The pipe end opposite the coupling or box. (RP 5A5)
FIELD FACILITY – An installation designed for one or more specific field processing units –
scrubbers, absorbers, drip points, compressors, single or multiple stage separation units, low
temperature separators, and other types of separation and recovery equipment. Also see Battery.
(ITOGP)
FIELD REPAIR – An activity involving disassembly, reassembly and functional testing of SSSV
equipment with or without the replacement of qualified parts. Field repair does not include
machining, welding, heat treat or other manufacturing operations. Redress or adjustment does
not constitute field repair. Field repair can also be accomplished at an Authorized Facility. (RP
14B, RP 14H, Spec 14D)
FILL-UP LINE – A lien usually connected into the bell nipple above the blowout preventers to
allow adding drilling fluid to the hole while pulling out of the hole to compensate for the metal
volume displacement of the drill string being pulled. (RP 53)
FILLER MATERIAL – A material added to a cement or cement slurry for the primary purpose
of increasing the yield of the slurry. (Bul 10C)
FILLING THE HOLE – Pumping drilling fluid continuously or intermittently into the well bore
to maintain the fluid level in the hole near the surface. The purpose is to avoid danger of
blowout, water intrusion, and/or caving of the well bore, e.g., as the pipe is withdrawn. (Bul
D11)
FILLUP LINE – The lien through which fluid is added to the hole. (Bul D11)
FILM BADGE – A package of photographic film worn like a badge by some workers in the
inspection industry to measure exposure to ionizing radiation. The absorbed dose can be
calculated by the degree of film darkening caused by the irradiation. (RP 5A5)
FILTER CAKE – The suspended solids that are deposited on a porous medium during the
process of filtration. See also Cake Thickness. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
FILTER-CAKE TEXTURE – The physical properties of a cake as measured by toughness,
slickness, and brittleness. See also Cake Consistency. (Bul D11)
FILTER-CAKE THICKNESS – A measurement of the solids deposited on filter paper in 32nd of
an inch during the standard 30-min API filter test. See Cake Thickness. In certain areas the filtercake
thickness is a measurement of the solids deposited on filter paper for a 7½ min duration.
(Bul D11)
FILTER LOSS – A misnomer sometimes applied to fluid loss. (Bul 10C)
FILTER LOSS – See Filtrate Volume. (Bul D11)
FILTER PAPER – Porous unsized paper for refiltering liquids. API filtration test specifies one
thickness of 9-cm filter paper Whatman No. 50, S&S No. 576, or equivalent. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
FILTER PRESS – (1) Device for determining the fluid loss of a drilling fluid or cement system
having specifications in accordance with API Spec 10 or RP 13B. (2) A porous medium
through which fluid is forced under pressures described in API Spec 10 or RP 13B to separate
the fluid from material held in suspension. (Bul 10C)
FILTER PRESS – A device for determining fluid loss of a drilling fluid having specifications in
accordance with API RP 13B. (Bul D11)
FILTRATE – The liquid that is forced through a porous medium during the filtration process.
See Filtrate Volume for recommended test procedure. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
FILTRATE VOLUME – Measure of the volume of fluid lost through filter media (usually filter
paper) when drilling fluid is subjected to a differential pressure in accordance with the filtration
procedure contained in API RP 13B. (Bul D11)
FILTRATION – The process of separating suspended solids from their liquid by forcing the later
through a porous medium. Two types of fluid filtration occur in a well: dynamic filtration while
circulating and static filtration while at rest. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
FILTRATION QUALITIES – The filtration characteristics of a drilling fluid. Generally these
qualities are inverse to the thickness of the filter cake deposited on the face of a porous medium
and the amount of filtrate allowed to escape from the drilling fluid into or through the medium.
(Bul D11)
FILTRATION RATE – See Filtrate Volume. (Bul D11)
FIN – A thin, long ridge of metal protruding above a chamfer surface or thread profile. Bul 5T1)
FINAL SET – Cement shall be considered to have acquired its final set when it will bear,
without appreciable identation, the final Gillmore needle. This is not an API test. See ASTM C
266; Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Gillmore Needles. (Bul 10C)
FINAL STRENGTH – The strength of a cement at such a time when under the given conditions
of temperature and pressure it ceases to change significantly (synonym Ultimate Strength). Bul
10C)
FINDING – Survey originated objective evidence that a control feature of the approved quality
program was not implemented within an acceptable level of reliability. (Spec Q1)
FINENESS – The particle size to which a cement clinker is ground. This value is generally
reported as surface area as determined with the Blaine air permeability apparatus or Wagner
turbidimeter. See ASTM C 204 and C 115. (Bul 10C)
FINE SCREEN SHAKER – A vibrating screen designed for screening drilling fluids through
screen cloth finer than 30 mesh. (Bul 13C)
FINGER RAFTING – Rafted ice in which two sheets alternately override each other along their
common boundary. Predominant feature for thin ice sheets, but can be identified with most firstyear
compression ridges. (Bul 2N)
FIP – Federation Internationale de la Precontrainte
FIRE – The phenomenon of combustion manifested in light flame and heart. (RP 14G)
FIRE LOOP – A pneumatic control line containing temperature sensing elements (fusible plugs,
synthetic tubing, etc.) which, when activated, will initiate platform shutdown. (RP 14C)
FIRE WALL – A dike built around oil tanks, oil pumps and other oil handling equipment to
contain any oil which may be accidentally discharged from the equipment. It also serves to block
the spread of a fire or give protection for a period of time while emergency action is taken.
(ITOGP)
FIRE WALL – A partition fabricated from non-combustible materials to prevent the spreading of
flames and to provide a heat shield. (RP 2G)
FIRE WATCH – One or more trained persons with operable fire fighting equipment standing on
alert during welding or burning operations. (RP 14E)
FIREBOX – The firebox is also called the firetube. It is the enclosure where the fuel is burned,
and is submerged in the fluid to be heated. The most common configuration is one or more Utubes.
The fire is propagated in one end and exhausts into a stack on the other end. (RP 12N)
FIREBOX – A complete assembly consisting of the firetube, mounting flange, intake and stack
adaptors. (Spec 12K, Spec 12L)
FIRED PROCESS AREA – That area is which a fired vessel is located. (RP 2G)
FIRETUBE – Natural gas is normally used to fire the heater through a submerged furnace
chamber called the firetube. The firetube normally consists of one or more U-tubes fired at one
end and exhausting through a vertical stack for each U-tube. In larger heaters the firetube may
consist of a large diameter first pass firetube and multiple return tubes manifolded into a
common stack The firetube is that portion of the firebox in contact with the heater bath. (Spec
12K)
FIRED VESSEL – A vessel in which the temperature of a fluid is increased by the addition of
heat supplied by a flame within the vessel. (RP 14C)
FIRST-YEAR ICE – Sea ice that is less than one year old. Typically, first-year ice has a salinity
of 4 to 6 ppt; however, fresh-water ice may be found near some river deltas. (Bul 2N)
FIRST-YEAR RIDGE – A linear ice feature created by motion interference between two ice
sheets; usually, a result of higher ice movement rates than for the formation of rafted ice. (Bul
2N)
FIRST-YEAR RIDGE – A linear ice feature of broken ice blocks created by pressure. Can be
further subdivided into a shear ridge or a compression ridge. (Bul 2N)
FISH – Any object left in the wellbore during drilling or workover operations that must be
recovered before work can proceed. v: To recover an object (fish) left in a wellbore during
drilling or workover. (WLOP)
FISHING – Operations on the rig for the purpose of retrieving from the wellbore sections of
pipe, collars, junk, or other obstructive items which are in the hole. (Bul D11)
FISHING – The effort to recover tools, cable, pipe, or other objects from the wellbore which
have become lost in the well accidentally. Many special and ingeniously designed FISHING
TOOLS are used to recover objects lost downhole. The object being sought downhole by the
fishing tools is referred to as “the fish.” (ITOGP)
FISHING NECK – A groove in the top of many wireline tools to allow other tools to clamp the
tool and remove it from the well. (WLOP)
FISHING TOOL – A tool designed to recover equipment (lost or left) from the well. (WLOP)
FITNESS-FOR-PURPOSE – The manufacture or fabrication of as assembly or component to the
quality level required (but not necessarily the highest level attainable) to assure material
properties, environmental interactions, and any imperfections present in the assembly or
connection are compatible with the intended purpose. Fitness-for-purpose connotes an assembly
or component may contain material or fabrication imperfections of sizeable dimensions but their
presence has an influence on its performance or reliability. (Spec 2C)
FITTINGS – The small pipes and valves that are used to make up a system of piping. (ITOGP)
FIVE-SPOT – Four input or injection wells located in a square pattern with the production well
in the center. See Injection Pattern. (ITOGP)
FIXED OFFSHORE PLATFORM – A platform extending above and supported by the seal bed
by means of piling spread footings or other means with the intended purpose of remaining
stationary over an extended period. (RP 2L)
FIXED PLATFORM – A platform extending above and supported by the sea bed by means of
piling, spread footings or other means with the intended purpose of remaining stationary over an
extended period. (RP 2A)
FLAG – A piece of cloth, rope, or nylon strand used to mark a stranded wire line when
swabbing, bailing, etc. (WLOP)
FLAME ARRESTOR – A device which prevents the propagation of flame from an enclosed area
which contains the burner. If the area outside the enclosure were to contain an ignitable mixture,
flashback would thus be prevented. The flame arrestor must be able to accomplish this without
stopping the communication of air between the two areas. (RP 12N)
FLAME ARRESTOR ELEMENT (FLAME CELL) – A device which is mounted in a housing
that serves as the combustion air intake. Its function is to prevent propagation of the flame from
the firebox to the outside atmosphere. Sustained exposure to direct flame impingement may
render the element inoperative. (RP 12N)
FLAME ARRESTOR HOUSING – An enclosure which contains the flame arrestor element and
may contain mechanical devices such as mixer, air controller, etc. It bolts to the breeching. (RP
12N)
FLAME FAILURE – A flame which is inadequate to instantaneously ignite combustible vapors
entering the firing chamber. (RP 14C)
FLAMMABLE – Capable of igniting easily, burning intensely or having a rapid rate of flame
spread. (RP 14F, RP 14G, RP 500B)
FLAMMABLE (EXPLOSIVE) LIMITS – The lower and upper percentages by volume of
concentration of gas in a gas-air mixture that will form an ignitable mixture. (See NFPA No.
325M.) (RP500B)
FLAMMABLE HIGHLY VOLATILE LIQUID – See Highly Volatile Liquid. (RP 500B)
FLAMMABLE LIQUID – A liquid having a flash point below 100oF (37.8oC) and having a
vapor pressure not exceeding 40 lbs per square inch absolute (276 kilopascals) at 100oF (38.8oC).
Flammable (Class I) liquids are subdivided into Classes IA, IB, and IC. Refer to NFPA No. 30
for further details. (RP 500B).
FLAMMABLE LIQUID – Any liquid having a flashpoint below 100oF (37.8oC). (RP 54)
FLAMMABLE LIQUID – Any liquid having a flash point of 100oF) (37.8oC) or less. These
liquids are easily ignited. (RP 57)
FLANGE – A protruding rim with holes to accept bolts and having a sealing mechanism used to
join pressure containing equipment. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
FLANGE, BLIND – A flange with no center bore, used to close off completely a flanged end or
outlet connection. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
FLANGE, LOOSE – A flange, as manufactured, not intended to be made integral with another
piece of API Spec 6A equipment. They are blind, threaded, spacer, welding neck, and studded
adapter flanges. (Spec 6A)
FLANGE POINT – A point of contact between rope and drum flange where the rope changes
layers. (Spec 2C)
FLANGE, THREADED – A flange having a sealing face on one side and a female thread on the
other for the purpose of joining flanged connections to threaded connections. (Spec 6A)
FLANGE UP – To finish a job. (ITOGP)
FLANGE, WELDING NECK – A flange with a neck on the side opposite the sealing face
prepared with a bevel to weld to corresponding pipe or transition pieces. (Spec 6A)
FLANK ANGLE – The angle of the individual flanks. (Spec 5B1)
FLANK OR SIDE – The surface of a thread that connects the crest with the root. (RP 5A5, RP
B1)
FLASH – Excess metal squeezed out between forging die faces. (Spec 11B)
FLASH GAS LIBERATION – A process whereby gas is liberated from solution in the oil by
increasing the space occupied by the gas and oil. The mass and composition of the system
remain constant. (RP 44)
FLASH POINT – The lowest temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is just
sufficient to produce a flammable mixture at the lower limit of flammability. (RP 14G)
FLASH POINT – The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor in sufficient
concentration to form an ignitible mixture with air near the surface of the liquid. Appropriate
test procedure and apparatus are specified by NFPA No, 30. (RP 500B)
FLASH POINT – The minimum temperature at which a produce momentarily ignites, but
doesn’t burn continuously. (RP 57)
FLASH SET – Flash set is abnormal early thickening or setting of cement slurry wherein the
cement slurry become unpumpable. (Bul 10C)
FLAT- Horizontal stiffened bulkhead. (RP 2T)
FLAT-BOTTOM BIT – A bit which produces a nearly plane surface when drilling, usually a
four-cone bit. (Bul D20)
FLAT GEL – A condition wherein the 10-min gel strength is substantially equal to the initial get
strength. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
FLAW – A discontinuity which may be undesirable but does not necessarily call for rejection.
(RP 2X)
FLAW – A discontinuity or irregularity in the product. (RP 5A5)
FLEX ELEMENT – Any of a variety of devices that permit relative angular movement of the
riser or tendon in order to reduce bending stresses caused by vessel motions and environmental
forces. (RP 2T)
FLIGHT – On a decanting centrifuge, one full turn of a spiral helix, such as a flute or blade of a
screw-type conveyer. (Bul 13C)
FLIGHT DECK – Flight deck area is the portion of a heliport surface provided for helicopter
takeoff and landing. (RP 2L)
FLIPPED – When the opposite occurs of what is intended in a drilling fluid. In an invert waterin-
oil emulsion, the emulsion is said to be flipped when the continuous and dispersed phases
reverse. (Bul D11)
FLOAT – A long flat-bed semi-trailer. (ITOGP)
FLOATING HARNESS (ALSO KNOWN AS BRIDLE) – A frame equipped with sheaves and
connected to the boom by stationary ropes usually called pendants. (Spec 2C)
FLOATING ICE PLATFORM – A floating mass of either mad-made or natural ice that is used
as a working surface. (Bul 2N)
FLOC – A flocculent mass formed by the aggregation of a number of fine suspended particles
(Vi): to aggregate into flocculent. (Bul 10C)
FLOC – Aggregation produced by a gelatinous precipitation of suspended matter in a liquid.
(SSWID)
FLOCCULANT – A material which promotes flocculation (synonym Flocculator, Flocculating
Agent). (Bul 10C)
FLOCCULATES – Groups of aggregates or particles in suspension subject to being broken up
by normal shaking and stirring and reforming on standing. (Bul D11)
FLOCCULATING AGENT – Substances, such as most electrolytes, some polysaccharides,
certain natural or synthetic polymers, that bring about the thickening of the consistency of a
drilling fluid. In Bingham plastic fluids, the yield point and gel strength increase. (Bul D11)
FLOCCULATION – The coagulation, coalescence or aggregation of finely-divided suspended
particles (Bul 10C)
FLOCCULATION – Loose association of particles in lightly, bonded groups, non-parallel
association of clay platelets. In concentrated suspensions, such as drilling fluids, flocculation
results in gelation. In some drilling fluids, flocculation may be followed by irreversible
precipitation of colloids and certain other substances from the fluid, e.g., red beds. (Bul D11)
FLOCCULENT – Resembling wool especially in loose, fluffy organization. (Bul 10C)
FLOCS – See Flocculates. (Bul D11)
FLOE – A relatively flat areal ice feature surrounded by distinguishable boundaries. (Bul 2N)
FLOES OR PANS – Sheet ice features separated by thermally-induced or other ice motion. Pans
are small ice floes. (Bul 2N)
FLOODING – Feeding screens and centrifuges beyond their liquid capacity. (Bul 13C)
FLOOR BLOCKS AND PULLEYS – An arrangement of equipment for routing or directing the
wireline into the well. (WLOP)
FLOORMAN – Member of the rig crew whose work station during hoisting is on the rig floor.
Also performs numerous other operating and maintenance duties as directed b the supervisor.
May also be referred to as rotary helper, roughneck, driller’s helper, or well puller. (RP 54)
FLOW BY HEADS (HEADING) – Intermittent flow from a well. (ITOGP)
FLOW CHART – A record of the flow rate made by a recording meter. (ITOGP)
FLOW COUPLING – A heavy walled nipple, designed to resist erosion that can result from
turbulence created by a restriction in the flow strong. (RP 14B RP 57, Spec 14)
FLOW LINE – The surface pipe through which oil travels from the well to storage. (GL)
FLOW LINE – The surface pipe through which oil travels from the well to the field processing
facility. (ITOGP)
FLOW-LINE HEADER – Common line at production facility into which flow lines from several
wells may be connected to provide commingling of production through separation or treating
equipment. May be connected to a second common line through a system of valves to provide
individual well testing without interrupting normal production. (WT)
FLOW REGIME – The flow condition of a multiphase process stream such as slug, mist, or
stratified flow. (RP 14E)
FLOW-STREAM SAMPLES – Small quantity of fluid taken from well production at well head
connections or from flow line for test of fluid composition. (WT)
FLOW STRING – The string of casing or tubing through which fluids from a well flow to the
surface. (ITOGP)
FLOW TUBE – The inner movable sleeve or tube in a SSSV through which well fluids must
flow. (Spec 14A)
FLOWING BOTTOMHOLE PRESSURE – The pressure existing at the depth of the producing
formation in a well at a constant rate of fluid production. (GL)
FLOWING BOTTOMHOLE PRESSURE – Pressure taken at a specified depth near producing
interval while well is being produced. (WT)
FLOWING PRESSURE – The pressure at the wellhead of a flowing well. (ITOGP)
FLOWING WELL – A well which produces without any means of artificial lift. (ITOGP, RP 54)
FLOWLINE – Piping which directs the well stream from the wellhead to the first downstream
process component. (RP 14C)
FLOWLINE – Piping which carries well fluid from wellhead to manifold or first process vessel.
(RP 14E)
FLOWLINE SEGMENT – Any portion of a flowline that has an operating pressure different
form another portion of the same flowline. (RP 14C)
FLUID – A fluid is a substance readily assuming the shape of the container in which it is placed.
The term includes both liquids and gases. It is a substance in which the application of every
system of stresses (other than hydrostatic pressure) will produce a continuously increasing
deformation without any relation between time rate of deformation at any instant and the
magnitude of stresses at that instant. Drilling fluids are usually Newtonian and plastic, seldom
pseudoplastic, and rarely dilatant fluids. (Bul D11)
FLUID – A form of matter which cannot permanently resist a shearing force, which causes flow.
Elastic – A gas, e.g., a condition of matter in which the molecules flow apparently without
resistance.
Inelastic – A liquid, e.g., a condition of matter in which the molecules move freely but are
restricted by gravitation.
Newtonian – An increase in pressure or rate of shear increases the velocity gradient in the same
proportion, non-Newtonian Heterogeneous, e.g., sols or gels. (Bul 10C)
FLUID – a substance that flows. Both liquids and gases are fluids. In common oil field usage,
however, the term fluid refers to liquids. (ITOGP)
FLUID – A generic term meaning a gas, vapor, liquid or combinations thereof. (RP 14E)
FLUID – A substance that slows. A fluid yields to any force tending to change its shape. Both
liquids and gases are fluids. (WLOP)
FLUID – Any substance that can flow. In a well this would be gas, oil, or water. (WT)
FLUID OR PRODUCTION OPERATED VALVE – A gas lift valve that utilizes the pressure in
the production conduit as its primary operating medium. (GL)
FLUID DRIVE – Special pump-and-turbine unit connecting engine to load, permitting some slip
and flexibility. (Bul D10)
FLUID FLOW – The state of fluid dynamics of a fluid in motion is determined by the type of
fluid (e.g., Newtonian, plastic, pseudoplastic, dilatant), the properties of the fluid such as
viscosity and density, the geometry of the system, and the velocity. Thus, under a given set of
conditions and fluid properties, the fluid flow can be described as plug flow, laminar (called also
Newtonian, streamline, parallel, or viscous) flow, or turbulent flow. See above terms and
Reynolds number. (Bul 10C,Bul D11)
FLUID INJECTION – Injection of gases or liquids into a reservoir to force oil toward and into
producing wells. (ITOGP)
FLUID LOSS – See Filtrate Volume. (Bul D11)
FLUID LOSS – The volume of filtrate lost to the permeable material due to the process of
filtration. The API water loss is the volume of filtrate determined according to the Fluid-Loss
Test given in API Spec 10. (Bul 10C)
FLUID LOSS CONTROL – A means by which the volume of filtrate lost to a permeable
material is reduced. (Bul 10C)
FLUID LEVEL – The distance from the surface to the top of the liquid in the tubing or casing in
a well. The static fluid level is taken when the well is not producing and after it has
STABILIZED. (ITOGP)
FLUID SATURATION – Fluid saturation is the percent of the total pore volume occupied by
salt water or kerosene) distributed through a saturated Berea sandstone core. (RP 43)
FLUIDITY – The reciprocal of viscosity. The measure of rate with which a fluid is continuously
deformed by a shearing stress. Ease of flowing. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
FLUORESCENCE – Instantaneous re-emission of a photon (typically visual light) with a lower
energy than that of the photon originally absorbed.
FLUORESCENCE – Instantaneous re-emission of light of a greater wave length than that light
originally absorbed. (Bul D11)
FLUORESCENCE – The emission of visible radiation by a substance as the result of the
absorption of ultraviolet light radiation (RP 5A5)
FLUORESCENT MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION – The magnetic particle inspection
process employing a finely divided fluorescent ferromagnetic inspection medium that fluoresces
when activated by ultralight violet (3200 to 4000 angstrum). (RP 5A5)
FLUSH PRODUCTION – The high initial rate of flow from a good well. (ITOGP)
FLUTE – The curved metal blade wrapped round a shaft as on a screw conveyer. (Bul 13C)
FLUTED DRILL COLLAR – Drill collar with external deep grooves. (Bul D20)
FLUX DENSITY – The strength of a magnetic field, expressed in flux lines per unit area, i.e.,
gauss, kilogauss. (RP 5A5)
FLUX LEAKAGE – This is the magnetic field forced out into the air by the distortion of the
field within the pipe caused by the presence of a discontinuity. (RP 5A5)
FLUX LINES – Imaginary magnetic lines used as a means of explaining the behavior of
magnetic fields. Their conception is based on the pattern of lines produced when iron filings are
sprinkled on a piece of paper laid over a magnet. Synonymous with Magnetic Lines of Force.
(RP 5A5)
FLY ASH – Fly ash is the finely-divided residue that results from the combustion of ground or
powdered coal in thermal generating plants and is transported form the firebox through the boiler
by flue gases. Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan. See Pozzolan. (Bul 10C)
FM – Factory Mutual Research Corporation.
FOAM – A foam is a two-phase system, similar to an emulsion, where the dispersed phase is a
gas or air. (Bul D11)
FOAMING AGENT – A substance that produces fairly stable bubbles at the air-liquid interface
due to agitation, aeration, or ebullition. In air or gas drilling, foaming agents are added to turn
water influx into aerated foam. This is commonly called “mist drilling.” (Bul D11)
FOCUSED BEAM – Converging energy of the sound beam at a specified distance. (RP 2X)
FOCUSED TRANSDUCER – A transducer with a concave face which converges the acoustic
beam to a focal point or line at a definite distance from the face. (RP 2X)
FOLDS – (Also called cold shut). Circumferential discontinuity produced when two surfaces of
metal fold against each other without metallurgical bonding. This can occur when flash produced
by one forging operation is pressed into the metal surface during a subsequent operation. (Spec
11B)
FOLLOWING FLANK (BACK FLANK) – The opposite flank to the leading flank. (RP 5B1)
FOLLOW-UP – Change in inclination angle and/or direction in addition to that obtained from
the original tool run. (Bul D20)
FORGING – (1) Plastically deforming metal, usually hot, into desired shapes with compressive
force, with or without dies. (2) A shaped metal part formed by the forging method. (Spec 6A,
Spec 16A)
FORMATION DAMAGE – A reduction of permeability in the immediate area surrounding the
well bore. It is caused by the invasion of foreign fluids or solids into the exposed section adjacent
to the well bore or by depositing of clays or wax already in the section. May also include
permanent damage when water based drilling muds are used in areas of moisture sensitive shales
or using excessive pump pressures on fragile formations. (Bul 10C)
FORMATION DAMAGE – Damage to the productivity of a well resulting from invasion into
the formation by drilling fluid particles or drilling fluid filtrates. Asphalt from crude oil will also
damage some formations. See Mudding Off. (Bul D11)
FORMATION DAMAGE – The reduction of permeability in a reservoir rock arising from the
invasion of drilling fluid and treating fluids into the section adjacent to the wellbore. Often called
“Skin Damage.” (ITOGP)
FORMATION (F GAS) GAS – Gas which is produced from the oil reservoir with the produced
liquids. (GL)
FORMATION PRESSURE – Pressure at the bottom of a well that is shut in. See Pressure
Bottom-Hole Static. (Bul 10C)
FORMATION PRESSURE – The pressure exerted by formation fluids, recorded in the hole at
the level of the formation, with the well shut in. (ITOGP)
FORMATION PRESSURE – The pressure exerted by fluids in a formation, recorded in the hole
at the level of the formation with the well shut in. Formation pressure may also be termed
“reservoir pressure,” or “shut-in bottom-hole pressure.” (WLOP)
FORMATION SENSITIVITY – The tendency of certain producing formations to adversely react
with invading mud filtrates. (Bul D11)
FOSSIL FUELS – Coal, oil, and natural gas; so-called because they are derived from the remains
of ancient plant and animal life. (Bul D11)
FOUNDATION BOLTS OR FASTENERS – The bolts used to connect a swing bearing to the
upper structure and/or pedestal. (Spec 2C)
FOUR-CONE SYMMETRICAL BITS – A four-cone roller rock bit with nearly a flat face and
no cone offset. Used in some areas to hold inclination and direction when three-cone rock bits
have a tendency to walk or deviate. (Bul D20)
FRACTURE – Crack and crevice in the formation either inherent or induced. (Bul 10C)
FRACTURE CONTROL PLAN – An engineered plan by which design options material
selections, fabrication control, and inspection procedure are integrated into a consistent strategy.
(RP 2X)
FRACTURE CONTROL PLAN – The consideration of material properties environmental
exposure conditions, potential material and fabrication imperfections, and methods of inspection
for the purpose of eliminating conditions which could result in failure under the design
requirements for the projected life of the crane. (Spec 2C)
FRACTURE MECHANICS – A discipline which deals with the local stress state near planar
discontinuities, and the growth of cracks. (RP 2X)
FRACTURING – Application of hydraulic pressure to the reservoir formation to create fractures
through which oil and gas may move to the well bore. (Bul 10C, (ITOGP)
FREE GAS – Gas produced from the gas cap of an oil reservoir. Different from solution gas in
that free gas has not been dissolved in produced liquids but exists as a separate and distinct
substance in the reservoir. (WT)
FREE LIQUID FILM – The layer of liquid that surrounds each separate particle in the underflow
of a hydrocyclone and screens. The thickness of this film depends upon design of the device and
viscosity of the liquid (Bul 13C)
FREE MACHINING – A characteristic of being machined easily. For example, this may be
accomplished by adding sulfur to steel or lead to brass. (COGWE, SSWID)
FREE WATER KNOCKOUT (FWKO) – A vertical or horizontal vessel into which oil or
emulsion is run in order to allow the water that is not emulsified with the oil (free water) to drop
out. (SSWID)
FREEZING OPERATION – Creation of a plug by freezing a liquid in a pipe or fitting to confine
the pressure while removing defective or inadequate equipment downstream of the plug. (RP
54)
FREQUENCY – (See Related Term: Speed.) The number of times an event (viz., complete cycle
of motion) repeats itself per unit of time. (Bul 13C)
FREQUENCY (FUNDAMENTAL) – In resonance testing, the frequency at which the wave
length is twice the thickness of the examined material. (RP 2X)
FREQUENCY (Hz) – Number of complete cycles of a wave motion per second of time. Unit of
measure is called Hertz. (RP 5A5)
FREQUENCY (INSPECTION) – Effective ultrasonic wave frequency of the system used to
inspect the material. (RP 2X)
FREQUENCY (PULSE REPETITION) – The number of pulses per second. (RP 2X)
FRICTION – The resistance to movement created when two surfaces are in contact. When
friction is present, heat is produced. (Sometimes referred to as “drag” in wireline operations).
(WLOP)
FROZEN UP – Said of equipment of which the components do not operate freely. (ITOGP)
FUEL – Any material which will burn. (RP 14G)
FULL CREST THREAD LENGTH – The length of machine threads, from the end of the
machined threads, including the incomplete starting threads, where the crests have full form. (RP
5B1)
FULL-PACKED ASSEMBLY – Refer to “Full-packed, Bottom-hole Assembly.” (Bul D20)
FULL-PACKED, BOTTOM-HOLE ASSEMBLY – Configuration of tools with a relatively high
degree of rigidity and wall bearing surface. (Bul D20)
FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS – The most important function of drilling fluids in rotary
drilling is to bring cuttings form the bottom of the hole to the surface. Some other important
functions are: control subsurface pressures, cool and lubricate the bit and drill string, deposition
of an impermeable wall cake, etc. (Bul D11)
FUNNEL VISCOSITY – See Marsh Funnel Viscosity. (Bul D11)
FURRING – Buildup or bristling of magnetic particles at the ends of a longitudinal magnetized
pipe, i.e., at its poles. (RP 5A5)
FUSIBLE PLUG – A plug or portion of the SSSV surface control system which is designed to
melt in case of a fire and actuate the fail safe features of the SSSV system. (RP 14B)
-GG
– The acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft/sec2 9.8 m/sec2). Accelerations are usually expressed as
multiples of one gravity (viz, 1G, 2G, 3.6G). (Bul 13C)
GAGE AND TEST PORT CONNECTIONS – Holes drilled and tapped into API Spec 6A
equipment through which internal pressure may be measured or through which pressure may be
applied to test the sealing mechanisms. (Spec 6A)
GAGE LINE PASTE – A material similar in character to toothpaste which is put on a gage line
and changes color when contacted with water. Used to find water or BS&W level in tanks.
Normally supplied in a tube. (WT)
GAGE POINT – A predetermined point on the thread flanks used as a reference for measuring
thread element (RP 5B1)
GAGE (GAUGE) PRESSURE – The pressure exerted on the interior walls of a vessel by the
fluid contained in the vessel as indicated by the device capable of measuring this pressure (a
pressure gage). Absolute pressure being equal to gage pressure plus atmospheric pressure (psig –
pounds per square inch gage). (WLOP)
GAGING – Act of using a measuring line or tape to determine liquid level in a tank or a storage
vessel. (WT)
GAGING NIPPLE – A small section of pipe in the top of a tank through which a tank may be
gaged. (ITOGP)
GAIN – The controlled increase in sensitivity within the instrument. (RP 2X)
GAIN CONTROL – A sensitivity adjustment of an amplifier or circuit. (RP 5A5)
GALENA – Lead sulfide (PbS). Technical grades (specific gravity about 7) are used for
increasing the density of drilling fluids to points impractical or impossible with barite. (Bul D11)
GALLING – Surface damage on threads caused by localized friction welding of high spots. (Bul
5T1)
GALVANIZE – To coat a metal with zinc. (COGWE, SSWID)
GAMMA RAYS – High-energy, shortwave length electromagnetic radiation emitted by a
nucleus. Energies of gamma rays are usually between 0.010 and 10 MeV. Gamma rays are
penetrating and are best attenuated by dense materials like lead and tungsten. (RP 5A5)
GANTRY (ALSO KNOWN AS “A” FRAME) – A structural frame, extending above the
upperstructure to which the boom support ropes are reeved. (Spec 2C)
GAP SCANNING – Short fluid column coupling technique. (RP 2X)
GAS – A fluid substance that completely fills any container in which it is confined and whose
volume is dependent on the size of and pressure exerted upon the container. A gas is readily
compressible. (WLOP)
GAS ANCHOR – A device for the bottom-hole separation of oil and gas in a pumping well. It
serves to prevent GAS LOCK by minimizing gas entry into the pump. (ITOGP)
GAS BLANKET – A certain volume and pressure of gas contained just above the surface of a
fluid in storage. (SSWID)
GAS BLOWBY – The discharge of gas from a process component through a liquid outlet. (RP
14C)
GAS BREAKOUT – Fluids containing gas in solution will release this gas when pressure is
reduced or temperature increases. Shrinkage of oil in storage tanks may be due to gas breakout.
(WT)
GAS CAP – The portion of an oil-producing reservoir occupied by free gas. (ITOGP)
GAS-CAP DRIVE – The drive energy supplied naturally by the expansion of gas in a cap
overlying the oil in a reservoir. (ITOGP)
GAS CUT – Gas entrained by a drilling fluid. See Air Cutting. (Bul D11)
GAS DETECTION SYSTEM – A control system which monitors the concentration of
combustible gases and initiates alarm and shutdown functions at predetermined concentrations.
(RP 14C)
GAS HYDRATES – Gas hydrates are ice-like solids, formed by a combination of water and an
encaged gas molecule, that can remain stable above the freezing point of water. (Bul 2N)
GAS INJECTION – Natural gas injected under high pressure into a producing reservoir through
an INPUT or INJECTION WELL as part of an enhanced recovery operation. (ITOGP)
GAS-INPUT WELL – A well into which gas is injected for return to the reservoir in a pressuremaintenance
or secondary-recovery program. (WLOP)
GAS LIFT – A method of artificial lift in which the energy of compressed gas is used directly to
lift fluids to the surface. (GL)
GAS LIFT – The raising, or lifting, of liquid from a well by means of injecting gas into the
liquid. (ITOGP)
GAS LIFT – The process of producing fluid from a well by means of gas injected down the well
through tubing or through the tubing-casing annulus. Injected gas aerates the fluid to make it
exert less pressure than the formation pressure. Consequently, the higher formation pressure
forces the fluid out of the wellbore. (WLOP)
GAS LIFT VALVE – A pressure regular mounted on or in the tubing string so that by
manipulation of the injection gas pressure and the producing pressures the valve will either be
open or closed to provide a controllable communication between the tubing and casing for gas
passage. (GL)
GAS-LIFT VALVE – A device installed on the tubing string of a gas-lift well that is sensitive to
tubing and casing pressures, which cause the valve to open and close. The functioning of the vale
is to allow gas to be injected into the fluid in the tubing in order to cause the fluid to rise to the
surface. (WLOP)
GAS-LIQUID RATION (GLR) – The number of standard cubic feet of gas produced with a
stock tank barrel of liquid (oil and water).
FGLR – Formation GLR
IGLR – Injection GLR
TGLR – Total GLR (GL)
GAS-LIFT MANDREL – A device run in the tubing string into which a gas-lift valve is
installed. The two most common types of mandrels are the conventional mandrel and the
sidepocket mandrel. The gas-lift valve is installed in the conventional gas-lift mandrel as the
tubing is placed in the well. To replace or repair the valve the tubing string must be pulled. On
the other hand, the gas-lift valve is installed and removed from the sidepocket mandrel by
wireline while the mandrel is still in the well, eliminating the need to pull the tubing to repair or
replace the gas-lift valves. (WLOP)
GAS METAL-ARC WELDED PIPE – Pipe having one longitudinal seam formed by continuous
gas metal-arc welding. At least one pass shall be made on the inside and at least one pass from
the outside of the pipe. Gas metal-arc welding is an arc welding process wherein coalescence is
produced by heating with an arc between continuous filler metal (consumable) electrode and the
work. Shielding is obtained entirely from an externally supplied gas or gas mixture. The shield
gas protects the fluid weld metal from oxidation or contamination by the surrounding
atmosphere. (Spec 5L)
GAS METER – A measurement device for determining volume of gas flowing past a given point
in a line. (WT)
GAS-OIL RATIO – Cubic feet of gas at base conditions produced with each barrel of oil, and
reported as cu ft/barrel. (WT)
GAS-OIL RATION (GOR) – The number of standard cubic feet of gas produced with a stock
tank barrel of oil.
IGOR – Injection gas/produced oil ratio
FGOR – Formation gas/produced oil ratio. (GL)
GAS-OIL RATIO (GOR) – The number of cubic feet of gas produced with a barrel of oil. Gas-
Liquid Ratio (GLR) – The number of cubic feet of gas produced with a barrel of liquid. (Usually
water and oil.) (ITOGP)
GAS PLANT PRODUCTS – Liquids recovered from natural gas in a gas processing plant and,
in some situations, from field facilities. See Natural Gas Liquids. (ITOGP)
GAS PROCESSING PLANT (GAS PLANT) – A facility designed (1) to achieve the recovery of
natural gas liquids from the stream of natural gas which may or may not have been processed
through lease separators and field facilities and (2) to control the quality of the natural gas to be
marketed. (ITOGP)
GAS REGULATOR – A device for controlling the pressure of gas flowing in a pipeline.
(ITOGP)
GAS SAND – A porous sandstone reservoir which contains natural gas. (ITOGP)
GAS SATURATION – The portion of the pore space in a reservoir rock which is occupied by
the gaseous phase. (RP 44)
GAS WELL – A well capable of producing natural gas. (ITOGP, WLOP)
GATE – An electronic means to monitor associated segment of time, distance, or impulse. (RP
2X)
GATE VALVE – A valve which employs a sliding gate to open or close the flow passage. The
valve may or may not be full-opening. (RP 53)
GATHERING LINES – The flow lines which run from several wells to a central lease or plant
facility. (ITOGP)
GAUGE REAMERS – A sub with a set of cutting edges or rollers with an outer diameter equal
to that of the bit (refer to “Reamer”). (Bul D20)
GAUSS (G) – This is the unit of flux density or induction. Numerically, one Gauss is one line of
flux per square centimeter of area. (RP 5A5)
GAUSSMETER – See Magnetometer. (RP 5A5)
GEAR RATIO – On a decanting centrifuge, the ratio of the outer bowl speed to the difference in
speed between the outer bowl and the conveyor, usually expressed as the number of revolutions
of the outer bowl for a difference of one complete revolution between the outer bowl and the
screw conveyor. (Bul 13C)
GEAR UNIT – On a centrifuge, a reduction device connected to the rotating bowl and driving
the conveyor at a slightly different rate. (Bul 13C)
GEL – Oil field term for sodium bentonite clays belonging to the general class of
montmorillonities. (Bul 10C)
GEL – A state of colloidal suspension in which shearing stresses below a certain finite value fail
to produce permanent deformation. The minimum shearing stress that will produce permanent
deformation is known as the gel strength. See Shear Strength. (Bul D11)
GEL – A term used to designate highly colloidal, high-yielding, viscosity-building commercial
clays, such as bentonite and attapulgrite clays. (Bul D11)
GEL – A state of a colloidal suspension in which shearing stresses below a certain finite value
fail to produce permanent deformation. The minimum shearing stress that will produce
permanent deformation is known as the shear or gel strength of the gel. Gels commonly occur
when the dispersed colloidal particles have a great affinity for the dispersing medium, i.e., are
lyophilic. Thus gels commonly occur with bentonite in water. For their measurement, see Gel
Strength, Initial and 10-min. (Bul D11)
GEL CEMENT – Blends or slurries containing both cement and bentonite. (Bul 10C)
GEL CEMENT – Cement having a small to moderate percentage of bentonite added as a filler
an/or to reduce the slurry weight. See Gunk Plug. (Bul D11)
GEL STRENGTH – The ability or the measure of the ability of a colloid to form gels. Gel
strength is a pressure unit usually reported in lbf/100 sq ft (.48 Pa). It is a measure of the same
interparticle forces of a fluid as determined by the yield point except that gel strength is
measured under static conditions, yield point under dynamic conditions. The common gel
strength measurements are initial and the 10-min gels. (See Strength, Initial and 10-min. See
also Shear and Thixotrophy.) Bul 10C, Bul D11)
GEL STRENGTH – The value of the shear stress required to cause permanent deformation of a
colloidal suspension. (Bul 10C)
GEL STRENGTH, 10-MIN – The measured 10-min gel strength of a fluid is the maximum
reading (deflection) taken from a direct-reading viscometer after the fluid has been quiescent for
10 min. The reading is reported in lbf/100 sq ft (.48 Pa). See API RP 13B for details of test
procedure. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
GEL STRENGTH – INITIAL – The measured initial gel strength of a fluid is the maximum
reading (deflection) taken from a direct reading viscometer after the fluid has been quiescent for
10 sec. It is reported in lbf/100 sq ft (48 Pa). See API RP 13 B for details of test procedure. (Bul
10C, Bul D11)
GELATION – The formation of a gel. (Bul 10C)
GELATION – Association of particles to form a continuous structure. (Bul D11)
GELLED UP – Oil-field jargon usually referring to any fluid with high gel strength and/or
highly viscous properties. Often a state of severe flocculation. (Bul D11)
GENERATOR, ELECTRIC – A rotating machine together with its driver and associated switch
gear used to generate electrical energy. (RP 2G)
GEOLOGY – The scientific study of the origin, history and structure of the earth as recoded in
rocks. A person trained in geology is a GEOLOGIST. A PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST is
primarily concerned with sedimentary rocks where most of the world’s oil has been found.
(ITOGP)
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT – The naturally occurring increase of temperature with depth in
undisturbed ground. (GL)
GERMICIDE (BACTERICIDE) – A chemical or agent that kills microorganisms such as
bacteria. Such compounds must be registered as pesticides with EPA. (Bul D11)
GFI – Ground Fault Interruptor.
GHOST – An indication which has no direction relation to reflected pulses from discontinuities
in the materials besting test. (RP 2X)
GILSONITE – A naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon belonging to the asphalt group. A
granular form of gilsonite is sometimes used as a cement additive. (Bul 10C)
GIMBLE CORRECTION – The difference in measurements obtained with the gimbel system of
a gyroscope in a plane non-parallel to the horizontal plane of a borehole and those obtained if the
gimble system were in the horizontal plane. (Bul D20)
GIN POLE – A pole used with hoisting equipment to lift heavy loads. (WLOP)
GIN-POLE TRUCK – A truck equipped with a pair of poles and hoisting equipment for use in
lifting heavy machinery around a lease. (ITOGP)
GIRTH SEAM – A circumferential butt-welded seam lying in a plane normal to the longitudinal
axis of the pipe, used to join sections into lengths of straight pipe. (Spec 2B)
GLR – Gas Liquid Ratio (cu. ft/BBL).
GLOBAL STRESSES – Stresses resulting from global frame action. (Bul 2V)
GO-DEVIL – A term used to describe a tool or instrument that is dropped and free falls from the
surface through the drilling fluid within the drill stem. (Bul D20)
GO-DEVIL – A device dropped or pumped down the well, usually through drill pipe or tubing.
(WLOP)
GO IN THE HOLE – To lower drill pipe, tubing, work-over tools, or other devices into the
wellbore. (WLOP)
GOING-IN-HOLE – Running either tubular goods or wire line into the well bore (abbr. GIH).
(Bul 10C)
GONE TO WATER – Describes a well in which oil production has decreased and water
production has greatly increased. (ITOGP)
GONIOMETER – An instrument for measuring angles, as in surveying. (Bul D20)
GOODMAN DIAGRAM – A plot of reversed bending stress versus the average tensile stress in,
for example, drill pipe. (Bul D20)
GOR – Gas-oil ration expressed in cubic feet of gas per barrel of oil (cu ft/bbl). (WT)
GOUGE – Elongated grooves or cavities caused by mechanical removal of metal. (Bul 5T1)
GOUGING – The scraping of the seabed by ice features. (Bul 2N)
GPA – Gas Processors Association
GPG OR GRAINS PER GALLON – PPM (see PPM) equals GPG x 17.1. (Bul D11)
GRADIENT – Change in pressure or temperature per unit change in depth. (GL)
GRADIENT – Pressure exerted by a fluid for each foot of fluid height. For example: Fresh water
exerts a gradient pressure of .433 psi/ft calculated in this manner – 4330 psi gage @ 10,000’ less
surface pressure of 0 psi is
4330 – 0 = .433 psi/ft.
10,000’ (WT)
GRADIENT, PRESSURE – Pressure change with depth, expressed in psi/ft. (ITOGP)
GRADIENT, TEMPERATURE – Temperature change with depth expressed in oF/100 Ft.
(ITOGP)
GRANULAR ICE – Ice consisting of granular ice crystals. (Bul 2N)
GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG – A non-metallic material consisting essentially of
glassy, non-crystalline silicates of calcium and other bases. Slag, depending upon its form, may
be pozzolanic and/or cementitious. (Bul 10C)
GRASSHOPPER – A piping device used to control the level of the interface between oil and
water in a storage tank. (SSWID)
GRAVEL PACK – A mass of very fine gravel that is placed around a slotted liner. Gravel
packing is a method of well completion in which a slotted or perforated liner is placed in the well
and surrounded by a very fine-mesh gravel. (WLOP)
GRAVITY-API – See API Gravity. (ITOGP)
GRAVITY DRAINAGE – The movement of the oil in the reservoir toward the wellbore due to
the force of gravity. (ITOGP)
GRAVITY GATHERING SYSTEM – A gathering system that depends up differences in
elevation of ground level for the movement of fluid. (SSWID)
GRAVITY, SPECIFIC – The weight of a particular volume of any substance compared to the
weight of an equal volume of water at a reference temperature. For gases, air is usually taken as
the reference substance, although hydrogen is sometimes used. (Bul D11)
GRAVITY, SPECIFIC – Density expressed as the ratio of the weight of a volume of substance
to the weight of an equal volume of another standard substance. In the case of liquids and solids,
the standard is fresh water. In the case of natural gas or other gaseous material, the standard is
air. (ITOGP)
GRAVITY, SPECIFIC – The weight of a particular volume of any substance compared to the
weight of an equal volume of water at a reference temperature. (Bul 10C)
GRAVITY STRUCTURE – A structure deriving its support on the seabed from the forces of
gravity imparted through one or more mat foundations. (Bul 2N)
GRAZING INCIDENCE – Immersion inspection with the beam directed at a glancing angle to
the test surface. (RP 2X)
GREASING OUT – Certain organic substances, usually fatty-acid derivates, which are added to
drilling fluids as emulsifiers, extreme pressure lubricants, etc., may react with such ions as
calcium and magnesium that are in or will subsequently come into the system. An essentially
water-insoluble greasy material separates out. (Bul D11)
GREAT CIRCLE METHOD – Refer to “Minimum Curvature Method.” (Bul D20)
GRID – In electrostatic treaters the electric field is distributed by a steel assembly of plates, rods,
screens or combinations of thee, commonly referred to as the grid. The grid establishes the
electric field which enhances coalescing of the water droplets. The grid does not provide heat.
The projected grid area is significant to the performance and capacity of the treater. (Spec 12L)
GRID NORTH – The direction from any geographical location within a grid system paralleling
the Universal True Meridian as determined by observation of Polaris. (Bul D20)
GRIND OUT – See Shake Out. (ITOGP)
GRIND, PROBE – An exploratory grind made to determine the depth of an imperfection. (RP
5A5)
GRIND, RADIUS – Grinding performed to remove sharp edges and/or abrupt changes in the
well thickness around exploratory grinds or imperfections. (RP 5A5)
GRIND, REPAIR – A grind made to remove a questionable imperfection and make the product
comply with the appropriate specification (refer to API 5AX, Par. 10.11: Dispositions). (RP
5A5)
GRINDING – Removing material from a pipe surface by abrading, e.g., grinding wheel or file.
(RP 5A5)
GROSS WEIGHT – Gross weight is defined as the certified maximum takeoff weight of the
helicopter for which the heliport is designed to accommodate. (RP 2L)
GROUND ANCHORS – Static holding devices installed in the ground separate from the rig
structure and to which guylines may be attached. (RP 54)
GROUND CUSHION – An improvement in flight capability that develops whenever the
helicopter flies or hovers near the heliport or other surface. It results from the cushion of denser
air built up between the surface and helicopter by the air displaced downward by the rotor. (RP
2L)
GROUND CUSHION AREA – Ground cushion area is the solid portion of a heliport surface
provided for proper ground cushion effect. This area may be only the flight deck or the flight
deck plus its perimeter safety shelf. (RP 2L)
GROUNDWATER – Water present in the saturated zone of an aquifier. (Bul D11)
GROUTING – The filling of void space with a substance that hardens (grout). (Bul 10C)
GUAR GUM – A naturally occurring hydrophilic polysaccharide derived from the seed of the
guar plant. The gum is chemically classified as a galactomannan. Guar gum slurries made up in
clear fresh or brine water possess pseudoplastic flow properties. (Bul D11)
GUARDED – Covered, shielded, fenced, enclosed, or otherwise protected by means of suitable
covers or casings, barrier rails, or screens to eliminate the possibility of accidental contact with
or dangerous approach by persons, animals, or object. (RP 54)
GUIDANCE EQUIPMENT – Guidance equipment is used to direct and orient risers or tools to
the seafloor template. Guidelines, tendons, submersibles, etc., can be used for this purpose. (RP
2T)
GUM – Any hydrophilic plant, polysaccharides or their derivatives which when dispersed in
water, swell to produce a viscous dispersion or solution. Unlike resins, hey are soluble in water
and insoluble in alcohol. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
GUMBO – Any relatively sticky formation, such as clay, encountered in drilling. (Bul 10C, Bul
D11)
GUNBARREL – Basically a vertical separator, usually a tall, large diameter vessel permitting
extended settling times for oil and water separation due to difference in specific gravity. (WT)
GUNK – The collection of dirt, paraffin, oil, mill scale, rust, and other debris that is cleaned out
of a pipeline when a scraper or a pig is put through the line. (ITOGP)
GUNK PLUG – A slurry in crude or diesel oil containing any of the following materials or
combinations: bentonite, cement, attapulgite, and guar gum (never with cement). Used
primarily in combating lost circulation. The plug may or may not be squeezed. (Bul 10C, Bul
D11)
GUNK SQUEEZE – A bentonite, diesel-oil mixture that is pumped down the drill pipe to mix
with drilling mud being pumped down the annulus. These two mix to form a stiff, putty-like
material that can be squeezed into lost circulation zones. (Bul 10C)
GUNNING THE PITS – Mechanical agitation of the drilling fluid in a pit by means of a mud
gun, electric mixer, or agitator. (Bul D11)
GUY LINE – A wire rope with one end attached to the derrick or mast assembly and the other
end attached to a suitable anchor. (Spec 4F)
GUY LINE – A cable attached to a workover rig, lubricator, etc., and anchored in the ground to
provide stability. (WLOP)
GUY-LINE ANCHOR – A buried weight or anchor to which a guy line is tied to provide
stability. (WLOP)
GUY ROPE – A non-operating standing wire rope which maintains a constant distance between
the points of attachment to the components connected by the wire rope. (Spec 2C)
GUY WIRE – A rope or cable used to steady a mast or pole. (ITOGP)
GUYING PATTERN – A plan view showing the manufacturer’s recommended locations and
distance out to the anchors with respect to the wellhead. (Spec 4F)
GYP OR GYPSUM – (See Calcium Sulfate.) Gypsum is often encountered while drilling. It
may occur as thin stringers or massive formations. (Bul D11)
GYPSUM – See Calcium Sulfate. (Bul 10C)
GYRO PRECESSION – Refer to “Precession” and “Drift.” (Bul D20)
GYRO RIGIDITY – First property of a gyroscope, tendency of a spinning gyroscope to maintain
the original axis of rotation. (Bul D20)
GYROSCOPE SURVEY – A directional survey conducted using a gyroscope for directional
control, usually used where magnetic directional control cannot be obtained. (Bul D20)
-HHABITAT
– The sum total of environmental conditions of a specific place that is occupied by an
organism, a population, or a community. (Bul D11)
HALF-LIFE – The period of time required for a radioactive substance to lose half of its active
characteristics; used especially in radiological work. (Bul D11)
HAND – Practically anyone who works in the oil industry, but especially applied to those who
work in the field. (ITOGP)
HAND-TIGHT – Threaded joint that has been madeup by hand without the aid of tongs. (RP
5A5, RP 5B1)
HAND-TIGHT STANDOFF – The length, at hand-tight engagement, from the face of the
coupling to the vanish point of the pipe. (RP 5A5)
HAND-TIGHT STANDOFF – The length, at hand-tight engagement from the face of the
coupling to vanish point of the pipe. Positive values indicate vanish point is exposed. Negative
values indicate vanish point is buried. (RP 5B1)
HANDLING DAMAGE – Cuts, gouges, dents, or flattened crests (mashes) that occurred during
handling (loading, unloading, shifts in transit, etc.). (Bul 5T1, RP 5A5)
HANDLING TIGHT – Sufficiently tight so that the coupling cannot be removed except by use
of a wrench. (RP 5A5, RP 5B1, Spec 5AC)
HANDY – A connection that can be unscrewed by hand. (ITOGP)
HANG THE RODS – To pull the rods out of the well and hang them in the derrick. (ITOGP)
HANGDOWN – The weight of drill stem suspended below a dogleg. (Bul D20)
HANGER MANDREL – That portion of a casing or tubing hanger which is attached by a
threaded connection to the tubular string and forms the upper end of that tubular string. (Spec
6A)
HARD BANDING – A hard metal deposited on tool joints to resist abrasion from the contact of
the tool joint to the wall of the borehole. (Bul D20)
HARD HAT – Molded plastic hat worn in the field for protection. (ITOGP)
HARD SPOT – An area in the pipe with a hardness level considerably higher than that of the
surrounding metal, usually due to localized quenching. (Bul 5T1)
HARDNESS – A measure of the hardness of a metal, as determined by pressing a hard steel ball
or diamond penetrator into a smooth surface under standard conditions. Results are often
expressed in terms of Rockwell hardness number (HRB or HRC) or Brinell Hardness Number
(BHN). Refer to ASTM E-10 and ASTM E-18 for added information. (RP 5A5)
HARDNESS (OF WATER) – The hardness of water is due principally to the calcium and
magnesium ions present in the water and is independent of the accompanying acid ions. The
total hardness is measured in terms of parts per million of calcium carbonate or calcium and
sometimes equivalents per million of calcium. For hardness tests, see API RP 13B. (Bul 10C,
Bul D11)
HARMONICS – Those vibrations which are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency.
(RP 2X)
HASH – Numerous, small indications appearing on the oscilloscope of the ultrasonic instrument
indicative of many small inhomogeneities in the material or background noise; also referred to as
“grass.” (RP 2X)
HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT – According to law, a pollutant to which no ambient air
quality standard is applicable and that may cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or in
serious illness. For example, asbestos, beryllium, and mercury have been declared hazardous air
pollutants. (Bul D11)
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE – Any substance which by reason of being explosive, flammable,
toxic, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, or otherwise harmful, has the potential to cause injury,
illness, or death. (RP 54, RP 57)
HEAD – The volume of reservoir fluids produced at the surface following a short period of gas
injection, as in intermittent operation. (GL)
HEAD WELL PULLER – Employee directly in charge of a well servicing rig and crew. May
also be referred to as crew chief or pulling unit operator. (RP 54)
HEADACHE! – A warning cry given by a fellow worker when anything is accidentally dropped
or falls from overhead toward another worker. (ITOGP)
HEADER – A pipe or chamber which receives the flow from two or more lateral lines. (RP 2G)
HEADER – That part of a manifold which directs fluid to a specific process system. (RP 14E)
HEADING – Alternating fluid lugs separated by gas which causes pressure variation at
wellhead. (WT)
HEAT (A CONNECTION) – To loosen a collar or other threaded connection by striking it with
a hammer. Also, WARM (a connection) or WHIP (a connection). (ITOGP)
HEAT AFFECTED ZONE (HAZ) – That portion of the base metal which has not been melted,
but whose mechanical properties microstructure has been altered by the heat of welding or
cutting. (Spec 6A, Spec 16)
HEAT (CAST LOT) – Material originating from a final melt. For remelted alloys, a heat shall be
defined as the raw material originating from a single remelted ingot. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
HEAT CHECKING OF TOOL JOINTS – A condition that exists when a tool joint is excessively
heated by the friction caused by rotation against the wall in the borehole. (Bul D20)
HEAT DENSITY – This term is commonly applied to the heat release through the cross section
of the firetube, expressed as BTU/hour/square inch of cross sectional area. (Spec 12K)
HEAT DUTY – Heat absorbed by the process, expressed as btu/hr. (Spec 12L)
HEAT EXCHANGER – A shell-and-tube, plate type or other heat exchanger optionally
employed to recover heat from the heated crude oil by preheating the incoming emulsion. (Spec
12L)
HEAT FLUX – This term is commonly applied to the average transfer rate through the firetube,
expressed as BTU/hour/square foot of exposed area. (Spec 12K)
HEAT SENSITIVE LOCKOPEN DEVICE – A device installed on an SSV actuator to maintain
the SSV valve in a full open position, until exposed to sufficient heat to cause the device to
release and allow the SSV valve to close. (RP 14H, Spec 14D)
HEAT TREATMENT (HEAT TREATING) – Alternate steps of controlled heating and cooling
of materials for the purpose of changing physical or mechanical properties. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
HEAT TREATMENT LOAD – That material placed on loading or carrying devices moved as a
batch through one heat treatment cycle. (Spec 16A)
HEATER – A vessel in which heat is applied to a series of internal coils or tubes to increase
temperature of fluid flowing through coils or tubes. (WT)
HEATER BATH – The indirect heating medium is referred to as the heater bath and within the
scope of this specification the heater bath is limited to water or water solutions. When freezing is
possible, ethylene glycol may be added for anti-freeze protection. Other additives to the water
bath may include corrosion inhibitors. (Spec 12K)
HEATING SHROUD OR HOOD – Baffle surrounding firetubes in treaters designed to increase
emulsion heating efficiency by minimizing the heating of free water which separates from the
emulsion before heating. (Spec 12L)
HEAVE – Platform motion in the vertical direction. (RP 2T)
HEAVIES – See Preferred Term: High Specific Gravity Solids. (Bul 13C)
HEAVING – The partial or complete collapse of the walls of a hole resulting from internal
pressures due primarily to swelling from water absorption or formation of gas pressures. See
Sloughing. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
HEAVY METALS – Metallic elements with high atomic weights, which may be toxic to plant
and animal life depending on their oxidation and chemical state. Such metals may be residual in
the environment and exhibit biological accumulation. Examples include arsenic cadmium,
chromium, mercury, and lead. (Bul D11)
HEAVY WEIGHT DRILL PIPE – Drill pipe fabricated with thick wall tube. Frequently used in
place of drill collars to apply weight on the drill bit. Handles like normal drill stem in drilling
operations. (Bul D20)
HEIGHT OF DERRICK AND MAST WITHOUT GUY LINES – The minimum clear vertical
distance from the top of the working floor to the bottom of the corner block support beams.
(Spec 4F)
HEIGHT OF MAST WITH GUY LINES – The minimum vertical distance form the ground to
the bottom of the crown support beams. (Spec 4F)
HEIGHT OF THREAD – The distance between the root and crest of the thread measured normal
to the thread axis. (RP 5B1)
HELICAL BUCKLING – Buckling in which the pipe forms a helix or spiral shape. (Bul D20)
HELICOPTER – A rotary wing aircraft which depends principally for its support and motion in
the air upon the lift generated by one or more power-driven rotors, rotating on substantially
vertical axes. (RP 2L)
HELIPORT – An area on a structure used for the landing and takeoff of helicopters and which
includes some or all of the various facilities useful to helicopter operation such as parking,
tiedown, fueling, maintenance, etc. (RP 2L)
HELIX – See Preferred Term: Flute. (Bul 13C)
HELIX ANGLE – The angle made by the conical spiral of the thread at the pitch diameter with a
plane perpendicular to the axis. (RP 5B1)
HERMETIC SEAL – See Hermetically Sealed Device. (RP 14F)
HERMETICALLY SEALED DEVICE – A device which prevents a hazardous or corrosive gas
or vapor from coming in physical contact with an arcing or high temperature component. (RP
14F)
HERTZ (Hz) – One cycle per second. (RP 2X)
HETEROGENEOUS – A substance that consists of more than one phase and is not uniform,
such as colloids, emulsions, etc. It has different properties in different parts. (Bul D11)
HEVIWATE DRILL PIPE® – (Registered trademark of SII Drilco.) Commercial name for a
particular manufacturer’s heavy weight drill string made with extra length tool joints. The pipe
has a wear pad at the middle of the joint. (Bul D20)
HIGH-ANGLE HOLES – Generally conceded to be holes for which the inclination angle from
vertical exceeds 50 degrees. (Bul D20)
HIGH LIQUID LEVEL – Liquid level in a process component above the highest operating level.
(RP 14C)
HIGH PRESSURE – Pressure in a process component in excess of the maximum operating
pressure but less than the maximum allowable working pressure (for pipelines, maximum
allowable operating pressure). (RP 14C)
HIGH-pH DRILLING FLUID – A drilling fluid with a pH range above 10.5. A high-alkalinity
drilling fluid. (Bul D11)
HIGH SIDE OF HOLE – Opposite side of the hole from the low side, the low side being
determined by the force of gravity, and on which side a free length of pipe would rest. (Bul
D20)
HIGH SPECIFIC GRAVITY SOLIDS – In the petroleum industry, this usually refers to the
barite solids (could be Galena or other solids more than 4.2 specific gravity). (Bul 13C)
HIGH SPEED – Term used to indicate screen speed generally in excess of 3,000 RPM or CPM.
(Bul 13C)
HIGH TEMPERATURE – Temperature in a process component in excess of the design
operating temperature. (RP 14C)
HIGH TEMPERATURE DEVICE – A device whose maximum operating temperature exceeds
80 percent of the ignition temperature in degrees Celsius (C) of the gas or vapor involved. (RP
14F, RP 550B)
HIGH-YIELD DRILLING CLAY – A classification given to a group of commercial drillingclay
preparations having a yield of 30 to 50 bbl/ton and intermediate between bentonite and lowyield
clays. High-yield drilling clays are usually prepared by peptizing low-yield calcium
montmorillonite clays or, in a few cases, by blending some bentonite with the peptized low-yield
clay. (Bul D11)
HIGHLY VOLATILE LIQUIDS (HVL’S) – Liquids whose vapor pressure exceeds 40 pounds
per square inch absolute (276 kilopascals) at 100oF (37.8oC). See Section 3.3. (RP 500B)
H-MEMBER – The term “H-member” refers to a nipple assembly that provides hydraulic
communication between strings of tubing in the wellbore. (RP 6G)
HOIST MECHANISM – A hoist drum and rope reeving system used for lifting and lowering
loads. (Spec 2C)
HOIST ROPE – Wire rope involved in the process of lifting. (Spec 2C)
HOISTING – The process of lifting. (Spec 2C)
HOISTING EQUIPMENT – A piece of equipment used to vertically lift materials, supplies, etc.,
from boats or barges to one of the structure decks. This is usually a crane or stiffleg derrick
located on the main deck and may be driven by internal combustion engine or an electric,
pneumatic or hydraulic motor. (RP 2G)
HOLD ANGLE – The borehole inclination and direction are maintained constant. (Bul D20)
HOLD-DOWN – A mechanical arrangement to prevent the upward movement of certain pieces
of equipment installed in a well. (ITOGP)
HOLE – The wellbore. (ITOGP)
HOLE – Common term which usually refers to the wellbore. (RP 54)
HOLE AXIS – A line through the center of the hold, generally considered to be the centralized
position that would be taken by a stiff tubular member inserted through that section of the hole.
(Bul D20)
HOLE AZIMUTH ANGLE – The angle between north and the projection of the hole axis onto a
horizontal plane. Angle is referred to either true north, magnetic north, or grid north. (Bul D20)
HOLE CAVING – Refer to “Caving.” (Bul D20)
HOLE CLEARANCE – Refer to “Clearance.” (Bul D20)
HOLE CURVATURE – Refers to the changes in inclination and direction of the borehole. (Bul
D20)
HOLIDAY – A gap or void in the coating of a pipe or in paint on a metal surface. (ITOGP)
HOLIDAY – A discontinuity in a protective coating which exhibits electrical conductivity when
exposed to a specific voltage. (RP 5L7)
HOLIDAYS – Areas of metal that have been missed by one or more applications of a coating
material, resulting in pinholes or reduced film thickness. (COGWE, SSWID)
HOMOGENEOUS – Of uniform or similar nature throughout; or a substance or fluid that has at
all points the same property or composition. (Bul D11)
HOOK BLOCK – Block with hook attached used in lifting service. It may have a single sheave
for double or triple line or multiple sheaves for four or more parts of line. (Spec 2C)
HOOK CRACKS OR UPTURNED FIBER IMPERFECTIONS – Metal separations, resulting
from imperfections at the edge of the plate or skelp, parallel to the surface, which turn toward the
ID or OD pipe surface when the edges are upset during welding. (Bul 5T1)
HOOK HORSEPOWER (HOISTING HORSEPOWER) –
Weight-indicator length of
Reading (lb) X middle joint (ft)
Time to hoist middle joint (sec) x 550
(Bull D10)
HOOK ROLLERS – Rollers which prevent the lifting of the resolving upperstructure from the
roller path. Hook rollers are the means to connect the upperstructure to the foundation or
pedestal. (Spec 2C)
HOOK STRIPS – The hooks on the edges of a screen section which accept the tension member.
(Bul 13C)
HOPPER, JET – See Mud-mixing Devices. A device to hold or feed drilling fluid additives.
(Bul D11)
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT – The distance between two points that are projected onto a
horizontal plane. (Bul D20)
HORSEPOWER (HP) – Force (lb) x speed (ft/min)
33,000
The rate of doing work (transferring energy) equivalent to lifting 33,000 lb 1 ft/min (33,000 ftlb/
min). This is also 550 ft-lb/sec.
Lifting a weight is a simple example of a force in motion. The same combination of force-timesspeed
in any direction –along the flat, on a slant, around a curve, or any combination – is the
same horsepower. (Also, other transfers of energy may be stated as horsepower.) (Bul D10)
HOT OIL – Oil production in violation of state regulations or transported interstate in violation
of federal regulations. (ITOGP)
HOT OIL TREATMENT – The act of heating oil and pumping it into the tubing, casing, or
formations to remove paraffin and asphaltines. (RP 54)
HOT-OIL TREATMENT (TO HOT OIL) – A treatment using heated oil to melt and remove
accumulated paraffin from the tubing, annulus, flow lines or production equipment. (ITOGP)
HOT TAPPING – Making repairs or modifications on a tank, pipeline, or other installation
without shutting down operations. (ITOGP)
HOT WORKING – Deforming metal plastically at a temperature above the recrystallization
temperature. (Spec 6A)
HOT WORKING – Deforming metal plastically at such a temperature and rate that hardness and
strength do not increase. (Spec 16A)
HOVER – A flight characteristic peculiar to helicopters which enables them to remain stationary
above a fixed point. (RP 2L)
HP – Horsepower
HUMIC ACID – Organic acids of indefinite composition in naturally occurring leonarite lignite.
The humic acids are the most valuable constituent. See Lignite. (Bu D11)
HVL – Highly Volatile Liquid
HYBRID STRUCTURE – A structure consisting of several different construction materials. (Bul
2N)
HYDRATE – A substance containing water combined in the molecular form (such as CaSO4
2H20). A crystalline substance containing water of crystallization. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
HYDRATE – A hydrocarbon and water compound which forms in gas gathering, compression,
and transmission facilities or well bores under reduced temperature and pressure. In appearance,
hydrates resemble snow or ice, and can plug equipment. (WLOP)
HYDRATES – Crystalline substance (ice crystals) formed in gas stream due to temperature
reduction as a result of gas expansion when pressure is reduced. (WT)
HYDRATION – The chemical reaction between hydraulic cement and water forming new
compounds most of which have strength-producing properties. (Bul 10C)
HYDRATION – The act of a substance to take up water by means of absorption and/or
adsorption. (Bul D11)
HYDRAULIC – Operated, moved, or effected by liquid (usually water). (WLOP)
HYDRAULIC DRIVE – A motor driven hydraulically by a pump. (Bul D10)
HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY – The percentage relation of hydraulic horsepower output to
mechanical horsepower input. In some cases this may include mechanical efficiency. (Bul D10)
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING – The act of pumping fluid(s) into a wellbore and into a specific
formation to induce fractures. (RP 54)
HYDRAULIC GRADIENT – The quotient obtained by dividing the difference in pressure
between any two points along a line of flow by the distance between the points of measured
pressure. (Bul 10C)
HYDRAULIC GRADIENT – The change in pressure head between any two points along a line
of flow divided by the length between the pints. (SSWID)
HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER (HHP) –
Circulation Differential
Rate (gpm) X pressure (psi)
1,714
(Bul D10)
HYDRAULIC ORIENTATING SUB – Used in directional holes, with inclination greater than
six degrees, to find the low side of the hole. A ball falls to the low side of the sub and restricts an
orifice causing an increase in the circulating pressure. The position of the tool is then known
with relation to the low side of the hole. (Bul D20)
HYDRAULIC WHIPSTOCK – Refer to “Circulating Whipstock.” (Bul D20)
HYDRAULICALLY-OPERATED BENT SUB – A deflection sub which is activated by
hydraulic pressure of the drilling fluid. (Bul D20)
HYDROCARBON – A compound consisting only of molecules of hydrogen and carbon. (Bul
10C)
HYDROCARBON – A compound consisting only of molecules of hydrogen and carbon.
Petroleum is a mixture of many hydrocarbons. (ITOGP)
HYDROCARBONS – A vast family of compounds containing carbon and hydrogen in various
combinations, found especially in fossil fuels. Some hydrocarbons are major air pollutants, some
may be carcinogenic, and others may contribute to photochemical smog. (Bul D11)
HYDROCARBONS – Hydrogenated carbon molecules, of which oil and natural gas are familiar
examples. Integral components are methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane,
and octane, to name a few. Hexane is a major component of gasoline. (WT)
HYDROCARBON WETABILITY – The ability of the process stream to form a protective
hydrocarbon film on metal surface. (RP 14E)
HYDROCYCLONE – A liquid-solids separation device utilizing centrifugal force for settling;
obtaining the rotation of slurry and resulting centrifugal acceleration from high-velocity
tangential entry of the feed into the major circular cross-section of the stationary restraining
walls. (Bul 13C)
HYDROCYCLONE SIZE – The maximum diameter of a hydrocyclone. (Bul 12C)
HYDRODYNAMIC DAMPING – Component of hydrodynamic force proportional to the
velocity of the body and 180o out of phase with the velocity. (RP 2T)
HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) – A malodorous gas made up of hydrogen and sulfur with the
characteristic odor of rotten eggs. Hydrogen sulfide may be present in some produced crude oils
and formation waters. The gas, in the presence of an aqueous phase, is corrosive to tubular and
wellhead goods. The gas is toxic and, in very low concentration, can cause death. (Bul D11)
HYDROGEN SULFIDE – A flammable, toxic gas which is slightly heavier than air and
sometimes found in fluids encountered in oil, gas, and service well drilling operations. Inhalation
at certain concentrations can lead to injury or death. (RP 49)
HYDROGEN SULFIDE – a gaseous compound, commonly known by its chemical formula,
H2S, frequently found in oil and gas reservoirs. It has a distinctive “rotten-egg” odor. It is
extremely poisonous and corrosive and quickly deadens the olfactory nerve so that its odor is no
longer a warning signal. (WLOP)
HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION – A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution,
normally expressed as pH. See pH. (Bul D11)
HYDROLOGY – The science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water
and snow. (Bul D11)
HYDROLYSIS – Hydrolysis is the reaction of a salt with water to form an acid and base. For
example, soda as (Na2CO3) hydrolyzes basically, and hydrolysis is responsible for the increase in
the pH of water when soda ash is added. (Bul D11)
HYDROMETER – A floating instrument for determining the specific gravity or density of
liquids, solutions, and slurries. A common example is the Mudwate hydrometer used to
determine the density of drilling fluid. (Bul D11)
HYDROPHILE – A substance usually in the colloidal state or an emulsion, which is wetted by
water, i.e., it attracts water or water adheres to it. (Bul D11)
HYDROPHILIC – A property of a substance having an affinity for water or one that is wetted by
water. (Bul D11)
HYDROPHILIC-LIPOPHILIC BALANCE (HLB) – The huydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB)
is one of the most important properties of emulsifiers. It is an expression of the relative attraction
of an emulsifier for water and oil, determined largely by the chemical composition and ionization
characteristics of a given emulsifier. The HLB of an emulsifier is not directly related to
solubility, but it determines the type of an emulsion that tends to be formed. It is an indication of
the behavior characteristics and not an indication of emulsifier efficiency. (Bul D11)
HYDROPHOBE – A substance, usually in the colloidal state, not wetted by water. (Bul D11)
HYDROPHOBIC – Descriptive of a substance which repels water. (Bul D11)
HYDROSTATIC HEAD – The pressure exerted by a column of fluid, usually expressed in
pounds per square inch (6.9 kPa). To determine the hydrostatic head at a given depth in psi,
multiply the depth in feet by the density in pounds per gallon by 0.052. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
HYDROSTATIC HEAD – The pressure which exists at any point in the wellbore due to the
weight of the column of fluid above that point. (RP 53)
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE – Uniform external pressure on the sides and ends of a member.
(Bul 2U)
HYDROSTATIC TEST (HYDROTEST) – Filling a pipe with water, under pressure, and its
ability to hold a certain pressure without leaking or rupturing. (RP 5A5)
HYDRO-TEST (HYDROSTATIC TESTING) – To apply hydraulic pressure (usually with
water) in order to find leaks in tubing, lines, piping, vessels and equipment. (ITOGP)
HYDROXIDE – See Base. (Bul 10C)
HYDROXIDE – A designation that is given for basic compounds containing the OH- radical.
When these substances are dissolved in water, they increase the pH of the solution. See Base.
(Bul D11)
HYGROSCOPIC – The property of a substance enabling it to absorb water from the air. (Bul
10C, Bul D11)
Hz – Hertz (cycles per second)
-IIADC
– International Association of Drilling Contractors
ICE ISLAND – Large ice pieces of glacial or shelf ice origin. (Bul 2N)
ICE STRUCTURE – A gravity structure largely composed of natural and/or mad-made ice. (Bul
2N)
ID (id) – Literally, inside diameter. (RP 5A5)
IDEAL PERFORATED PERMEABILITY, ki – The ideal perforated permeability of a Berea
sandstone core target is the calculated permeability to kerosine of the core target containing an
ideal perforation at the outflow end based on the core section and length of the Berea sandstone
core used in determining the perforated effective permeability. (RP 43)
IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IES – Illuminating Engineering Society
IGNITE – To cause to burn. (RP 14G)
IGNITIBLE MIXTURE – A gas-air mixture that is capable of being ignited by an open flame,
electric arc or spark or high temperature. See Explosive Limits. (RP 14F)
IGNITIBLE (FLAMMABLE) MIXTURE – A gas-air mixture that is capable of being ignited by
an open flame, electric arc or spark or device operating at or above the ignition temperature of
the gas-air mixture. See Flammable (Explosive) Limits. (RP 500B)
IGNITION SOURCE – A source of temperature and energy sufficient to initiate combustion.
(RP 14G)
IGNITION TEMPERATURE – The ignition temperature is the minimum temperature required
to ignite an ignitable mixture. (RP 14F)
IGNITION (AUTOIGNITION) TEMPERATURE – The minimum temperature required, at
normal atmospheric pressure, to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion (independent of any
externally heated element). (RP 500B)
ILMENITE – An iron-black mineral of composition Fe0 Ti02 having a specific gravity of 4.67. It
is used for increasing the density of well cement slurries and drilling fluids. (Bul 10C)
IMPACT LOADING – This loading results from sudden changes in the state of motion of
components of the rig. (Spec 4F)
IMPEDANCE (ACOUSTIC) – Resistance to flow of ultrasonic energy in a medium. Impedance
is a product of particle velocity and material density. (RP 2X)
IMPERFECT THREAD LENGTH – Threads having imperfect thread forms. (RP 5B1)
IMPERFECTION – An imperfection is a discontinuity or irregularity in the produce. For exact
definitions and illustrations of specific imperfections see API Bulletin 5T1. Sometimes called a
flaw. (RP 5A5)
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN – A document of the steps to be taken to ensure attainment of
environmental quality standards within a specific time period. Implementation plans are
required by various laws. (Bul D11)
IMPOUNDMENT – A body of water such as a pond, confined by a dam, dike, floodgate, or
barrier. (Bul D11)
IMPRESSION BLOCK – A block with lead or another relatively soft material on the bottom.
The block may be made up on drill pipe, tubing, or wireline at the surface, run into a well, and
allowed to rest on a tool or other object that has been lost in the well. On retrieval to the surface,
an idea of the size, shape and position of the “fish” is obtained from an examination of the
impression left in the lead. This helps in selecting the appropriate fishing tools. (WLOP)
IMPROPER THREAD FORM – A general term describing an excessive deviation from a
normal thread profile (in an axial plane) over a length of one pitch or over multiple pitch lengths.
(Bul 5T1)
IMPROPER THREAD HEIGHT – Lack of sufficient thread height (depth). This may be because
of a “shaved” condition where an excess of metal has been removed form the root or crest,
distorting the contour of the thread. (Bul 5T1, RP 5A5)
INADEQUATE FLASH TRIM – A condition in which height of weld flash after trimming
exceeds the limits set in the API specification to which the pipe was manufactured. (Bul 5T1)
INADEQUATELY VENTILATED AREA – See Adequately Ventilated Area. (RP 14F)
INCENDIARY ENERGY – Hot particle energy sufficient to ignite a specific ignitable mixture.
(RP 500B)
INCIDENCE RATE – Four separate incidence rates are used for purposes of this award plan.
Each incidence rate represents the number of one of the four categories below per 100 full-time
workers per year (200,000 hours = bases for 100 full-time equivalent workers working 40 hours
per week. 50 weeks per year.)
1. Number of cases involving days away from work or death.
2. Number of days away from work.
3. Number of deaths.
4. Number of total recordable cases
(Bul 5)
INCINERATION – The controlled process by which solid, liquid, or gaseous combustible
wastes are burned and changed into gases; the residue produced contains little or no combustible
material. (Bul D11)
INCINERATOR – An engineered apparatus used to burn waste substances and in which all the
combustion factors, temperature, retention time, turbulence, and combustion air can be
controlled. (Bul D11)
INCLINATION (INCLINATION ANGLE) – The angle of the wellbore from the vertical. (Bul
D20)
INCLINATION SURVEY – A survey to obtain the angle through which the bit was deflected
form the vertical during drilling operations. Usually implies a survey where n azimuth readings
are taken. (Bul D20)
INCLINOMETER – An instrument that measures a position angle of deviation from the vertical.
(Bul D20)
INCLUDED ANGLE – The angle between the flanks of the threads. (RP 5B1)
INCLUSION – Foreign material or non-metallic particles entrapped within the metal during
solidification. (Bul 5T1)
INCOMPLETE FUSION – Lack of complete coalescence of some portion of the metal in a weld
joint. (Bul 5T1)
INCOMPLETE PENETRATION (LACK OF PENETRATION) – A condition where the weld
metal does not continue through the full thickness of the joint. (Bul 5T1)
INCRUSTATIONS – Undesirable material which collects on interior walls of production vessels
such as separators, meters, tanks, etc., reducing internal dimensions or capacity. Paraffin, gyp,
etc., are examples. (WT)
INDENTED DRILL COLLAR – Round drill collar with a series of indentations on one side to
form an eccentrically weighted collar. (Bul D20)
INDICATION – A response from nondestructive inspection that requires interpretation in order
to determine its significance, i.e., blip on the log or a powder build on the pipe. (RP 5A5)
INDICATION (ULTRASONICS) – The signal displayed on the ultrasonic oscilloscope. (RP 2X)
INDICATOR – Substances in acid-base titrations which, in solution, change color or become
colorless as the hydrogen ion concentration reaches a definite value, these values varying with
the indicator. In other titrations such as chloride, hardness, and other determinations, these
substances change color at the end of the reaction. Common indicators are phenolphthalein,
potassium chromate, etc. (Bul D11)
INDICATOR (OR READOUT) – A device for indicating a condition, a current or potential.
Typical ones used on inspection instruments are galvanometers, meters both De Arsenval or
digital, CRT or a warning light. (RP 5A5)
INDIRECT FIRED VESSEL – A vessel used to increase the temperature of a fluid by the
transfer of heat from another fluid which is heated by a flame in the same vessel. The flame is
contained within a fire tube or tubes. (RP 2G)
INDIRECT HEATED COMPONENT – A vessel or heat exchanger used to increase the
temperature of a fluid by the transfer of heat form another fluid, such as steam, hot water, hot oil
or other heated medium. (RP 14C)
INDIRECT HEATED VESSEL – A vessel or heat exchanger used to increase the temperature of
a fluid by the transfer of heat from another fluid such as steam, hot water, hot oil or other heated
media. (RP 2G)
INDUCED PERMAFROST – Permafrost caused by thermal disturbance from construction or
operation at the planned installation site. (Bul 2N)
INDUCTION – The magnetism induced in a ferromagnetic body by an outside magnetizing
force. (RP 5A5)
INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION – Segment of all industry identified by work process and
end-product according to the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972 edition. (Bul T5)
INDUSTRY RATE – An incidence rate calculated for the industrial classification. (Bul T5)
INELASTIC BUCKLING STRESS – The buckling stress of a cylinder which exceeds the elastic
stress limit of the member material. The inelastic material properties are accounted for, including
effects of residual stresses due to forming and welding. (Bul 2U)
INERT GAS – A gas that does not react with other substances under ordinary conditions. (Bul
D11)
INFILTRATION –The flow of a fluid into a substance through pores or small openings.
Commonly used in hydrology to denote the flow of water into soil material. (Bul D11)
INHIBIT – Prevent, stop, restrain or arrest an undesirable action, i.e., prevent corrosion. (WT)
INHIBITED DRILLING FLUID – A drilling fluid having an aqueous phase with a chemical
composition that tends to retard and even prevent (inhibit) appreciable hydration (swelling) or
dispersion of formation clays and shales through chemical and/or physical means. See Inhibitor
Drilling Fluid. (Bul 10C)
INHIBITED DRILLING FLUID – A drilling fluid having an aqueous phase with a chemical
composition that tends to retard and even prevent (inhibit) appreciable hydration (swelling) or
dispersion of formation clays and shales through chemical and/or physical means. See Inhibitor
Drilling Fluid. (Bul 10C)
INHIBITION – The diminishing of the rate of a chemical reaction to retard corrosion. (COGWE)
INHIBITION – Diminishing the rate of corrosion. (SSWID)
INHIBITOR (CORROSION) – Any agent which when added to a system, slows down or
prevents a chemical reaction or corrosion. Corrosion inhibitors are used widely in drilling and
producing operations to prevent corrosion of metal equipment exposed to hydrogen sulfide,
carbon dioxide, oxygen, salt water, etc. Common inhibitors added to drilling fluids are filming
amines, chromates, and lime. (Bul D11)
INHIBITOR DRILLING FLUID – Substances generally regarded as drilling fluid contaminants,
such as salt and calcium sulfate, are called inhibitors when purposely added to drilling fluid so
that the filtrate from the drilling fluid will prevent or retard the hydration of formation clays and
shales. (Bul 10C)
INHIBITOR (DRILLING FLUID) – Substances generally regarded as drilling fluid
contaminants, such as salt and calcium sulfate are called inhibitors when purposely added to
drilling fluid so that the filtrate from the drilling fluid will prevent or retard the hydration of
formation clays and shales. (Bul D11)
INITIAL GEL – See gel Strength, Initial. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
INITIAL POTENTIAL (IP) – The initial capacity of a well to produce. (ITOGP)
INITIAL PULSE – The first indication which may appear on the screen. This indication
represents the emission of ultrasonic energy from the crystal face (main bang). (RP 2X)
INITIAL SET – Cement shall be considered to have acquired its initial set when it will bear,
without appreciable indentation, the initial Gillmore needle. This is not an API test. See ASTM C
266: Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Gillmore Needles. (Bul 10C)
INJECTED GAS – High pressure gas injected into a formation to maintain or restore reservoir
pressure or otherwise enhance recovery. Also, has injected for gas-lift. (ITOGP)
INJECTION PATTERN – The spacing and pattern of wells in an enhanced recovery project. The
more common injection patterns include line drive, five spot, seven spot, nine spot, and
peripheral. (ITOGP)
INJECTION PUMP – A pump that (1) injects chemicals into a flow-line system for the purpose
of treating emulsions or corrosion and (2) injects liquids underground for disposal or to enhance
recovery. (ITGOP)
INJECTION WELL – Well in which fluid is pumped to push reservoir fluids to a producing
well. (SSWID)
INJECTION WELL – A well into which fluid is pumped to increase reservoir pressure or to
push reservoir fluids toward a producing well. (WLOP)
INJECTION WELLS – Wells in which fluid is pumped down the hole to push reservoir fluids to
a producing well. (WT)
INK BLOB – An early method of measuring inclination (refer to “Acid Bottle”). (Bul D20)
INLET – The actual opening through which the feed enters the device. (Bul 13C)
INLET GAS – That gas which is compressed and returned to a wellbore to be used for gas lift or
as injection gas for pressure maintenance. (WT)
INPUT HORSEPOWER – The horsepower that is put into an operating system. (Bul D10)
INPUT WELL – A well which is used for injecting fluids into an underground stratum. (ITOGP)
IN SITU COMBUSTION – The setting afire of some portion of the reservoir in order that the
gases produced by combustion will drive oil ahead of it to the producing wells. (Bul 10C)
IN SITU COMBUSTION – The setting afire of some portion of the oil in a reservoir in order (1)
that the gases produced by combustion will drive oil ahead of them to the producing wells and
(2) to heat the oil so it will flow more readily. (ITOGP)
INSIDE BLOWOUT PREVENTER – A device that can be installed in the drill string that acts as
a check valve allowing drilling fluid to be circulated down the string but prevents back flow. (RP
53)
INSPECTOR – The authorized agent of the purchaser. (RP 5L2)
INSPECTOR – The duly authorized representative of the purchaser, qualified to act as such by
training and experience in the fabrication of structural steel pipe covered by this specification.
(Spec 2B)
INSPECTOR – The individual representing the operator during fabrication and installation with
responsibility for examining all details of fabrication to ensure compliance with construction
specifications. (RP 2X)
INSPECTION – The process of examining materials and pipes for possible defects or for
deviation from established standards. (RP 5A5)
INSPECTION SPOOL – A short length of pipe inserted in a pipeline in such a manner that it is
easily removed for inspection. It should be of the same material as the remainder of the pipeline.
(SSWID)
INSULATED FLANGE – A flange which contains insulating material to separate the metal
parts. (ITOGP)
INTAKE FLAME ARRESTOR – A device placed on the air intake of the firetube to prevent
propagation of flame from inside the firetube to the outside atmosphere. It normally consists of a
corrugated aluminum cell mounted in a metal housing which attaches to the firebox. (Spec 12K)
INTEGRAL – A part of the whole. For example: A meter is an integral part of an ACT unit.
(WT)
INTEGRATING METER – A meter that calculates, records and gives instantaneous readout of
throughput volumes or rates, and in many cases the integrating (calculating) portion will
eliminate need for hand calculation or correction. (WT)
INTERCHANGEABLE – Conforms in every detail, within specified tolerances to both fit and
function of a safe design but not necessarily the form. (Bul S1)
INTERFACE – The physical boundary between two adjacent surfaces. (RP 2X)
INTERFACE DRAIN – A pipe connection extending to the normal interface level with a vortex
breaker which is used periodically to drain off any accumulated sludge. (Spec 12L)
INTERFACIAL TENSION – The force required to break the surface between two immiscible
liquids. The lower the interfacial tension between the two phases of an emulsion, the greater the
ease of emulsification. When the values approach zero, emulsion formation is spontaneous. See
Surface tension. (Bul D11)
INTERFERENCE – (1) Occurs when drilling boreholes that are deemed too close to the
borehole of another well (refer to “Intersection”). (2) Refer to “Magnetic Interference.” (Bul
D20)
INTERIM AWARD – An Award of Merit or Award of Honor given within a calendar year for a
perfect record (that is, a record without an occupational injury or illness involving death or days
away from work). (Bul T5)
INTERIM AWARD APPLICATION – A special report form used as application for National
Safety Council interim awards. (Bul T5)
INTERMEDIATE CASING STRING – The casing set in a well after the surface casing. Also
called PROTECTION CASING. (ITOGP)
INTERMEDIATE COLUMNS – Vertical, cylindrical or multifaceted buoyancy members of the
hull structure, which primarily assist in deck and/or pontoon support. (RP 2T)
INTERMEDIATE DECKS – Deck levels between lower deck and upper deck consisting of
girder, beam and plate elements. (RP 2T)
INTERMEDIATE GIRDERS – Primary deck elements spanning between main girders. (RP 2T)
INTERMITTENT FLOW – Gas lift operation in which gas is injected periodically into the liquid
column, with reservoir fluids and injected gas being produced from the wellhead at the surface
for an interval following each injection period. (GL)
INTERMITTENT GAS-LIFT – Pressurized gas injected at intervals into tubing down hole at a
depth below top of fluid in tubing to lift slugs of fluid to surface. (WT)
INTERMITTER – A device for regulating the production of a gas lift well whereby the well
produces for short periods of time and is then closed in. This action is repeated several times a
day. (ITOGP)
INTERMITTER (TIME CYCLE CONTROLLER) – A surface control which may be adjusted
and set to operate a motor valve at predetermined intervals of time and also control the duration
of the operating or injection period. (GL)
INTERNAL THREAD – A thread on the inside surface of a coupling or pipe. (RP 5A5, RP
5B1)
INTERPRETATION – The process of determining the nature of an indication. (RP 5A5)
INTERRUPTED STARTING THREAD – The absence of a portion of the true starting thread
groove on the chamfer of a round or buttress (pipe thread) caused by thread axis misalignment
with the chamfer axis or out-of-round chamfer diameter. (Bul 5T1)
INTERSECTION – Occurs when two wellbores meet at a common point, usually happens when
a drilling bit or drill stem contacts the casing of a previously drilled well. (Bul D20)
INTERSTATE WATERS – According to law, waters defined as: (1) rivers, lakes, and other
waters that flow across or form a part of state or international boundaries; (2) waters of the Great
Lakes; (3) coastal waters whose scope has been defined to include ocean waters seaward to the
territorial limits and waters along the coastline (including inland streams) influenced by the tide.
(Bul D11)
INTERSTITIAL WATER – Water contained in the interstices or voids of formations. (Bul D11)
INTERVAL – A designated portion of a zone. (RP 57)
INTRINSICALLY SAFE SYSTEM – An electrical system which is incapable of releasing
sufficient electrical or thermal energy under normal or abnormal conditions to cause ignition of a
specific hazardous atmospheric mixture in its most easily ignitable concentration. (RP 14F)
INTRINSICALLY SAFE SYSTEM – An electrical system which is not capable of releasing
sufficient electrical or thermal energy under normal or abnormal conditions to cause ignition of a
specific flammable or combustible mixture in its most easily ignitible concentration. (RP 500B)
INVERT EMULSION – A water-in-oil emulsion where fresh or salt water is the dispersed phase
and diesel, crude, or some other oil is the continuous phase. Water increases the viscosity and oil
reduces the viscosity. (Bul 10C)
INVERT OIL-EMULSION DRILLING FLUID – An invert emulsion is a water-in-oil emulsion
where fresh or salt water is the dispersed phase and diesel, crude, or some other oil is the
continuous phase. Water increases the viscosity and oil reduces the viscosity. (Bul D11)
IODINE NUMBER – The number indicating the amount of iodine absorbed by oils, fats, and
waxes, giving a measure of the unsaturated linkages present. Generally, the higher the iodine
number, the more severe the action of the oil on rubber. (Bul D11)
ION – Electrically charged particle, atom, or radical. (COGWE, SSWID)
ION – Acids, bases, and salts (electrolytes) when dissolved in certain solvents, especially water,
are more or less dissociated into electrically charged ions or parts of the molecules, due to loss or
gain of one or more electrons. Loss of electrons results in positive charges producing a cation. A
gain of electrons results in the formation of an anion with negative charges. The valence of an
ion is equal to the number of charges borne by it. (Bul D11)
ION EXCHANGE – A reversible exchange of ions (electrically charged atoms or groups of
atoms) between a solid and a liquid. In water and waste-water treatment, the solids (ionexchange
resins) exchange the polluting ions in the water for ions originally on the resin. (Bul
D11)
IONIZATION CHAMBER – An instrument that detects and measures ionizing radiation by
observing the electrical current created when radiation ionizes gas in the chamber, making it a
conductor of electricity. (RP 5A5)
IPR (INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP) – The relationship of flowing bottom hole
pressure to gross liquid producing rate for a particular well. (GL)
IR – Letter symbols of current (1) and resistance (R) as used in Ohm’s Law (E= IR). (COGWE,
SSWID)
ISA – Instrument Society of America
ISOGONIC CHART – A chart showing lines of equal magnetic declination. (Bul D20)
ISOTOPE – Atoms with the same atomic number (same chemical element) but different atomic
weights. (RP 5A5)
-JJACK
BOARD – A device used to support the end of a length of pipe while another length is
being screwed on. (ITOGP)
JACK SHAFT – Term applied to an intermediate shaft. (Spec 2C)
JACKUP VESSEL – An offshore drilling or well servicing structure with tubular or derrick legs
that can be moved vertically to support the deck and hull. (WLOP)
JAR – n. A percussion tool that operates on a mechanical or hydraulic principle and is designed
to deliver a heavy hammer blow to objects in the borehole to which it is attached. Jars are used
for such purposes as freeing stuck objects in the hole in fishing operations or imparting a jarring
motion to stuck tools for the purpose of freeing them. The design of the jar often permits blow to
be delivered in either a downward or upward direction, with control being effected at the surface.
v. To apply a heavy upward or downward blow to the drill stem, or a heavy upward or
downward blow to wireline tools, by use of a jar. (WLOP)
JAR ACCELERATOR – A hydraulic tool used in conjunction with a jar. The accelerator is made
up in the fishing string above the jar and serves to increase the magnitude of the jarring blow
delivered to the fish. (WLOP)
JAR TEST – Pretesting in small containers to see what the reaction will be before large volumes
are utilized. Generally used to show the effects of adding chemicals to fluids to produce a change
(if the chemical will break an emulsion, for example). (SSWID)
JET BIT – A drilling bit having nozzles through which the drilling fluid is directed in a high
velocity stream. (Bul D20)
JET BIT DEFLECTION – A method of changing the inclination angle and direction of the
wellbore by using the washing action of a jet nozzle at one side of the bit. (Bul D20)
JET NOZZLE – A fluid-flow port in a jet bit. (Bul D10)
JET-PERFORATING – An operation similar to gun-perforating except that a shaped charge of
high explosives is used to burn a hole through the casing instead of the gun which fires a
projectile. (Bul 10C)
JET SPUD BIT – A special bit used to cause deflection of the wellbore by a combination of
jetting and spudding action. (Bul D20)
JET-TYPE BIT – A bit employing directed, rapid flow of fluid from a nozzle or nozzles. (Bul
D10)
JETTING – The action of causing erosion by fluid impingement on the formation. (Bul D20)
JETTING – The process of periodically removing a portion of, or all of, the water, drilling fluid,
and/or solids from the pits, usually by means of pumping through a jet nozzle arrangement. (Bul
D11)
JETTING RUNS (CORRECTIVE JETTING RUNS) – Trips, jetting and drilling made to change
the inclination and direction of the wellbore. (Bul D20)
JIB (Also known as TIP EXTENSION) – An extension attached to the boom point to provide
added boom length for lifting specified loads. (Spec 2C)
JOINT – A length of pipe, casing or tubing, usually from 20 to 30 feet long. (ITOGP)
JOINTER – A length of pipe made up of two shorter pieces of pipe. (RP 5A5)
JONES EFFECT – The net surface tension of salt solutions first decreases with an increase of
concentration, passes through a minimum, and then increases as the concentration is raised. (Bul
D11)
JTU (JACKSON TURBIDITY UNITS) – A measure of the turbidity of water, proportional to
the ppm silica, where 100 ppm silica equals 21.5 JTU. (Bul D11)
JUMPER HOSES/FLUID TRANSFER SYSTEM – System for transmitting fluid flow between
the top of the risers to the platform mounted manifold. Jumper hoses or an articulated system of
hard piping may be used to accommodate the relative motion between these points. (RP 2T)
JUNK – n. The metal debris lost in a hole. Junk may be lost tools, pieces of wire, or any
relatively small object that impedes activity to the extent that it must be fished out of the hole. v.
To abandon a project (as a well with mechanical problems that cannot be corrected). (WLOP)
JUNK – Metal debris lost in a hole. Junk may be a lost bit, milled pieces of pipe, wrenches, or
any relatively small object that must be fished out of the hole. (ITOGP)
JUNK BASKET – A fishing tool run in the well when it is necessary to retrieve small parts or
lost tools. (ITOGP)
-KKELLY
– The square or hexagonal shaped steel pipe connecting the swivel to the drill pipe. The
kelly moves through the rotary table and transmits torque to the drill strong. (RP 54)
KELLY COCK – A valve immediately above the kelly that can be closed to confine pressures
inside the drill string. (RP 53)
KELLY OR KELLY JOINT – A heavy square pipe or other configuration that works through a
like hole in the rotary table and rotates the drill stem. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
KELLY VALVE, LOWER – An essentially full-opening valve installed immediately below the
kelly, with outside diameter equal to the tool joint outside diameter. Valve can be closed to
remove the kelly under pressure and can be stripped in the hole for snubbing operations. (RP 53)
KEY SEAT – That section of a hole, usually of abnormal deviation and relatively soft formation,
which has been eroded or worn by drill pipe to a size smaller than the tool joints or collars. This
keyhole type configuration will not allow these members to pass when pulling out of the hole.
(Bul 10C, Bul D11)
KEYSEAT – A condition wherein the borehole is abraded and extended sideways and with a
diameter smaller than the drill collars and the bit; usually caused by the tool joints on the drill
pipe. (Bul D20)
KEYSEAT WIPER – A special reamer device designed to run in the drill stem assembly to
enlarge the diameters of keyseats to the size of the drill collars. (Bul D20)
KICK – An unintended entry of water, gas, oil, or other formation fluid into the wellbore. A kick
occurs because the pressure exerted by the column of fluid is not great enough to overcome the
pressure exerted by the fluids in the formation drilled. If prompt and proper action is not taken, a
blowout may occur. (WLOP)
KICK – Intrusion of formation liquids or gas that results in an increase in pit volume. Without
corrective measures, this condition can result in a blowout. (RP 53)
KICK A WELL OFF – Unload and place a well on gas lift. (GL)
KICK-OFF – To bring a well into production. (ITOGP)
KICK-OFF PRESSURE – The gas injection pressure available for unloading fluids from a gas
lift well down to the operating valve depth. (GL)
KICK-OVER TOOL – The wireline tool which guides the wireline gas lift valve into the
mandrel pocket when installing the valve or guides the pulling tools onto the valve when
recovering the valve. (GL)
KICKOFF POINT (KICKOFF DEPTH) – The position in the wellbore where the inclination of
the hole is first purposely increased. (Bul D20)
KILL A WELL – To stop a well from producing so that surface connections may be removed for
well servicing or workover. It is usually accomplished by circulating water or mud to load the
hole and render it incapable of flowing. (ITOGP)
KILL LINE – A line connected to the annulus below the blowout preventers for the purpose of
pumping into the annulus while the preventers are closed. (Bul D11)
KILL LINE – A high pressure line between the pumps and some point below a blowout
preventer. This line allows fluid to be pumped into the well or annulus with the blowout
preventer closed. (RP 53)
KILL WEIGHT FLUID – A fluid whose density creates a hydrostatic pressure equal or greater
than the pressure of the formation exposed to the wellbore. (RP 57)
KILLING A WELL – Bringing a well under control that is blowing out. Also, the procedure of
circulating water and drilling fluids into a completed well before starting well servicing
operations. (Bul D11)
KILLING A WELL – The act of removing shut-in surface pressure from a well by creating
hydrostatic pressure equal to or greater than formation pressure. (RP 54)
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY – The kinematic viscosity of a fluid is the ratio of the viscosity (e.g.,
cp in g/cm-sec) to the density (e.g., g/cc) using consistent units. In several common commercial
viscometers the kinematic viscosity is measured in terms of the time of efflux (in seconds) of a
fixed volume of liquid through a standard capillary tube or orifice. See Marsh Funnel Viscosity.
(Bul D11)
KING PIN – See Center Pin. (Spec 2C)
KINKED DOUBLE – A bent double of drill string, forerunner to the fabricated bent sub. (Bul
D20)
KNIFE (OR RAZOR) EDGE – A sharp edge at the end of the pipe producing no face; caused
buy an excessively small chamfer diameter and/or excessive ID bevel. (Bul 5T1)
KNOCKOUT – A kind of tank or vessel used to separate water from oil. A FREE WATER
KNOCKOUT (FWKO). (ITOGP)
KNOCKOUT – A knockout is a type of separator which falls into one of two categories: free
water and total liquid knockouts.
a – The free water knockout is a vessel used to separate free water from a flow stream of gas, oil,
and water. The gas and oil usually leave the vessel through the same outlet to be processed by
other equipment. The water is removed for disposal.
b – The total liquid knockout is normally used to remove the combined liquids from a gas
stream. (Spec 12J)
KNUCKLE JOINT – A deflection tool employing a ball-type universal joint permitting 360
degree flexure of the lower part of the tool. (Bul D20)
KNUCKLE JOINT – A deflection tool, placed above the tools in the work string, that has a ball
and socket arrangement which allows the tool to be deflected at an angle. A knuckle joint is
sometimes useful in fishing operations because it allows the fishing tool to be deflected to the
side of the hole where a fish may have come to rest. (WLOP)
KOP – Refer to “Kickoff Point.” (Bul D20)
KVA – Kilowatt-ampere.
KVA – Transformer Power Rating
KW – Kilowatt
-LLACING
– See Boom Lacing. (Spec 2C)
LACT – Lease Automatic Custody Transfer.
LAGGINGS – Removable and interchangeable drum spool shells for changing hoist drum
diameter to provide variation in rope speeds and line pulls. This construction is optional with
manufacturer. (Spec 2C)
LAMBERT COORDINATE SYSTEM – A system of coordinates on a conical projection based
on two standard parallels. (Bul D20)
LAMELLAR TEARING – A cracking phenomenon resulting from non-metallic inclusions
which occurs beneath welding principally in rolled steel plate fabrication. (RP 2X)
LAMINAR FLOW – Fluid elements flowing along fixed streamlines which are parallel to the
walls of the channel of flow. In laminar flow, the fluid moves in plates or sections with a
differential velocity across the front which carries from zero at the wall to a maximum toward
the center of flow. (Bul 10C)
LAMINAR FLOW – Fluid elements flowing along fixed streamlines which are parallel to the
walls of the channel of flow. In laminar flow, the fluid moves in plate or sections with a
differential velocity across the front which varies from zero at the wall to a maximum toward the
center of flow. Laminar flow is the first stage of flow in a Newtonian fluid; it is the second stage
in a Bingham plastic fluid. This type of motion is also called parallel, streamline, or viscous
flow. See Plug and Turbulent Flow. (Bul D11)
LAMINATION – An internal metal separation creating layers generally parallel to the surface.
(Bul 5T1)
LAMINATION – A metal defect with separation or weakness generally aligned parallel to the
worked surface of the metal. (RP 2X)
LANDING NIPPLE – A receptacle in a production string with an internal profile to provide for
latching and sealing of various types of plugs or valves. (RP 57)
LAP – Fold of metal which has been rolled or otherwise worked against the surface of rolled
metal, but has not fused into sound metal. (Bul 5T1)
LAP – A longitudinal overfill rolled into the surface of the bar. Typically formed at the bar
during a rolling pass. (Spec 11B)
LAST ENGAGED THREAD – The last thread on a pin engaged with the coupling. (RP 5B1)
LAST SCRATCH – Last visible evidence of the machined thread tool mark on the pipe surface.
(RP 5B1)
LATCH – The locking device for a wireline gas lift valve to lock the valve in the mandrel. (GL)
LATITUDE – The horizontal displacement of one station from another in a north or south
direction. (Bul D20)
LATTICE BOOM – Boom of open construction with angular or tubular lacing between main
corner members (chords) in form of truss. (Spec 2C)
LAY BARGE – A shallow-draft, barge-like vessel used in the construction and laying of underwater
pipelines in swampy areas and to offshore platforms. (ITOGP)
LAYING DOWN TUBING – Pulling tubing from the well and laying it on a pipe rack. Similar
terms apply to drill pipe and rods. (ITOGP)
LC50 – See Medial Lethal Concentration in Section 2. (Bul D11)
LD50 – See Median Lethal Dose in /Section 2. (Bul D11)
LEACHATE – Liquid that has percolated through solid waste or other medium and has extracted
dissolved or suspended materials from the medium. (Bul D11)
LEACHING – The process by which soluble materials in the soil, such as nutrients, pesticide
chemicals, or contaminants are washed into a lower layer of soil or are dissolved and carried
away by water. (Bul D11)
LEAD – On a decanting centrifuge, the slurry-conducting channel formed by the adjacent walls
of the flutes or blades of the screw conveyor. (Bul 13C)
LEAD – The distance a thread moves axially. The distance from a point on a thread measured
parallel to the axis of the thread section. (RP 5B1)
LEAD – The distance that a thread moves along its longitudinal axis. The distance from a point
on a thread to a corresponding point on the next thread, measured parallel to the axis of the
thread section. (RP 5A5)
LEAD – The distance from a point on a thread turn to a corresponding point on the next thread
turn, measured parallel to the thread axis. Lead tolerances are expressed in terms of “per inch” of
threads and “cumulative,” and lead errors must be determined accordingly. For interval
measurements over lengths other than 1 in. (25,40 mm) the observed errors should be calculated
to the per-inch basis. For cumulative measurements, observed errors represent the cumulative
errors. (Spec 5B)
LEAD ANGLE – A method of setting the direction of the wellbore in anticipation of the bit
walking. (Bul D20)
LEADING OR FRONT FLANK (STAB FLANK) – The flank of the pipe thread facing the near
end of pipe. The flank of the coupling thread forcing the open end of the coupling. (RP 5B1)
LEAK – The accidental escape from a process component of liquid and/or gaseous hydrocarbons
to atmosphere. (RP 14C)
LEAKAGE FIELD – This is the magnetic field forced out of the material into the air by the
distortion of the field within the material caused by the presence of a discontinuity. (RP 5A5)
LEAKER – A length of pipe that will not hold hydrostatic pressure. (RP 5A5)
LEAN GAS – Natural gas containing little or no liquefiable hydrocarbons. (ITOGP)
LEASE – (1) A legal document that conveys to an operator the right to drill for oil and gas. (2)
The tract of land, on which a lease has been obtained, where the producing wells and production
equipment are located. (ITOGP)
LEASE AUTOMATIC CUSTODY TRANSFER (LACT OR ACT) – The measurement and
transfer of oil from the producer’s tanks to the oil purchaser’s pipeline on an automatic basis
without a representative of either having to be present. (ITOGP)
LEASE OPERATOR – One charged with the responsibility of operating all wells and equipment
on a lease. Sometimes called pumper. May be required to test wells, gage tanks, make minor
repairs to maintain well production, make reports of production and sales etc. (WT)
LEDGE – A projecting ridge or edge in the side of the wellbore. A ledge may be created with the
bit by rotating off bottom. Other ledges occur when consolidated formations are exposed by wall
cavings in the softer unconsolidated formations. (Bul D20)
LEL – Lower Explosive Limit.
LENGTH – A complete section of casing, tubing, or drill pipe. (Colloquial term is “joint.”) (RP
5A5)
LENGTH OF THREAD ENGAGEMENT – The length of contact between two mated parts
measured axially. (RP 5B1)
LEONARDITE – A naturally occurring oxidized lignite. See Lignite. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
LFL – Lower Flammable Limit.
LICENSED MATERIAL – Radiation source material possessed, used or transferred under
license issued by the appropriate government agency. (RP 5A5)
LICENSEE – Holder of a license to use the API Monogram. (Spec Q1)
LIFE CYCLE – The phases, changes, or stages an organism passes through during its lifetime.
(Bul D11)
LIFT-OFF – The perpendicular distance between detector shoe and pipe surface sometimes
called “stand-off.” (RP 5A5)
LIFTING COSTS – The costs of producing oil from a well or a lease. (ITOGP)
LIGHT DISCHARGE – See Preferred Term: Overflow. (Bul 13C)
LIGHT SOLIDS – See Related Term: Low Specific Gravity Solids. (Bul 13C)
LIGNITE – Brownish-black coal, intermediate between peat and bituminous coal; especially one
in which the texture of the original wood is distinct (synonym Brown Coal). (Bul 10C)
LIGNITE – A collective term designating a broad group of naturally occurring amorphous,
acidic materials derived form decayed vegetation, e.g., leonardite. These materials are obtained
by strip mining from selected lignite deposits. The active compound is humic acid. Lignites,
which may or may not be combined with chemical compounds such as sodium or potassium
hydroxide and/or chromates, are used as thinners, emulsifiers, and for fluid loss control. (Bul
D11)
LIGNOSULFONATE – Anionic portion of a by-product of sulfite paper manufacturing process.
The heavy metal salt is used primarily in drilling fluids. The alkaline and alkaline earth salts
may be used in the manufacture of certain API Class well cements and in well cementing. (Bul
10C)
LIGNOSULFONATES – Organic drilling fluid additives derived from by-products of sulfite
paper manufacturing process from coniferous woods. Some of the common salts, such as the
ferrochrome, chrome, calcium, and sodium, are used as universal deflocculants while others are
used selectively for calcium-treated systems. In large quantities, the ferro-chrome and chrome
salts are sometimes used for fluid-loss control and shale inhibition. (Bul D11)
LIMBER HOOKUP – A bottom-hole assembly that is relatively free to buckle. (Bul D20)
LIME – Calcium Hydroxide. (Bul 10C)
LIME – Commercial form of calcium hydroxide. (Bul D11)
LIME-TREATED DRILLING FLUIDS – Commonly referred to as “lime-base”muds. These
high-pH systems contain most of the conventional fresh-water additives to which slaked
hydrated lime has been added to impart special properties. The alkalinites (pH0) and lime
contents vary from low to high. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
LIMESTONE – See Calcium Carbonate. (Bul 10C)
LIMESTONE – A type of sedimentary rock rich in calcium carbonate. Limestone sometimes
serves as a reservoir rock for petroleum. (ITOGP)
LIMITED VENTILATION – Although ventilated at a rate of less than six (6) air changes per
hour, certain rooms, buildings, and spaces may have a natural or a mechanical ventilation system
which is sufficient to reasonably assure that significant quantities of vapor-air mixtures in
concentration above 25% of the lower flammable (explosive) limit (LEL) will not accumulate for
significant periods of time due to hydrocarbon emissions which are relatively small in size or
short in duration. These areas are considered to have “limited ventilation.” While such areas
may justify a classification reduction from Division 1 to Division 2, they never should be
considered as unclassified based on ventilation rates along. (RP 500B)
LINE OF CLOSURE – A straight line, in a horizontal plane containing the last station of the
survey, drawn from the projected surface location to the last station of the survey. (Bul D20)
LINEAR IMPERFECTIONS – Linear imperfections include, but are not limited to, seams, laps,
cracks, plug scores, cuts and gouges. (Spec 5A)
LINEARITY – Amplitude: The characteristic of an ultrasonic testing system indicating its ability
to respond in a proportional manner to a range of echo amplitudes produced by specified
reflectors. Distance: The characteristic of an ultrasonic testing system indicting its ability to
respond in a proportional manner to a range of echo signals, produced by specified reflectors,
variable in time, usually a series of multiple back reflections. (RP 2X)
LINED OUT – Refers to being on a satisfactory trajectory with the proper angle of inclination
and direction. (Bul D20)
LINER – Any string of casing whose top is situated at any point below the surface. (Bul 10C)
LINER – Refer to Casing. (RP 54)
LINER – Partial length pipe string extending between bottom of borehole to an elevation above
bottom of the previous casing string. Liner performs same function as productive casing in
sealing off productive zones and water bearing formations. Liner may or may not be cemented in
place. (RP 54)
LIPOPHILE – A substance usually colloidal and easily wetted by oil. (Bul D11)
LIPOPHILIC – Having an affinity for oil. (Bul D11)
LIQUID – A substance which flows readily, does not tend to expand indefinitely like a gas,
assumes the form of its container while retaining its independent volume, and has form which
can be seen and felt. (WT)
LIQUID CAPACITY – The maximum volume rate at which a decanting centrifuge or screen can
handle liquid without detriment to separation. (Bul 13C)
LIQUID DISCHARGE – That stream from a liquid-solids separation device which contains a
higher percentage of liquid fraction than does the feed. (Bul 13C)
LIQUID (FLUID) PACKED – In horizontal treaters the coalescing section or entire treater may
operate completely full if liquid. This condition is referred to as liquid (fluid) packed. (Spec 12L)
LIQUID METER – A measurement device to determine volume of liquid passing a given point
in line. Usually calibrated in barrels or gallons. (WT)
LIQUID OVERFLOW- The discharge of liquids from a process component through a gas
(vapor) outlet. (RP 14C)
LIQUID SATURATION – The portion of the pore space in a reservoir rock which is occupied
by a liquid phase. (RP 44)
LIVE OIL – Crude oil that contains gas and has not been stabilized or weathered. This oil can
cause gas cutting when added to drilling fluid and is a potential fire hazard. (Bul D11)
LIVE ROLLER CIRCLE – An assembly of multiple swing rollers free to roll between revolving
upperstructure and mounting. (Spec 2C)
LOAD – Any action causing stress or strain in the structure. (RP 2T)
LOAD BLOCK, LOWER – The assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, sheaves, pins, and frame
suspended by the hoisting ropes. (Spec 2C)
LOAD BLOCK, UPPER – The assembly of shackle, swivel, pins, and frame suspended from the
boom point. (Spec 2C)
LOAD FLUID (KILL FLUID) – Liquid used to fill the well before pulling the tubing. (GL)
LOAD GUYLINES – Stabilizing guylines which run from a point on the mast, derrick, or pole to
a point at or near the base supporting the mast or pole or to ground anchors. (Sometimes referred
to as internal guylines when attached to the base.) (RP 54)
LOAD LINE (ALSO KNOWN AS HOIST LINE) – In lifting crane service it refers to the main
hoist. The secondary hoist is referred to as a “Whip Line or Auxiliary Line.” (Spec 2C)
LOAD OR PRESSURE FLANK – The flank which takes the load. The back 3o flank of buttress
casing. (RP 5B1)
LOAD RATINGS – Crane ratings in pounds (kilograms, decanewtons) established by the
manufacturer. (Spec 2C)
LOAD-WORKING – The external load in pounds (kilograms, decanewtons), applied to the
crane including the weight of load-attaching equipment such as load block, shackles, and slings.
(Spec 2C)
LOCAL DIHEDRAL ANGLE – The dihedral angle between tangent surfaces at a given point
along a weld joining two curved surfaces. (RP 2X)
LOCATION – The place at which a well is to be or has been drilled. (ITOGP)
LOCATION – The point at which a well is to be drilled. Also referred to as “wellsite.” (RP 54)
LOCATION – Throughout this recommended practice, reference is made to areas, spaces, and
locations. These terms should be considered interchangeable terms designating a threedimensional
space. (RP 500B)
LOCK-IN – Synchronization of vortex-shedding frequency and structural vibration frequency
producing resonant flow induced vibration. (RP 2T)
LOCKED-IN – Refers to the condition where the bottom-hole assembly is held relatively fixed
within the borehole by the outer diameter of the assembly being nearly the same diameter as the
drill bit, the inclination and direction of the borehole are maintained. (Bul D20)
LOCK-OUT OR TAG-OUT – A system to specify that equipment is out of service until locks or
tags are removed by the authorized person. (RP 54)
LOCK SCREWS (TIE-DOWN SCREWS) – A series of threaded pins extending through the
wall of a casing head or tubing head flange used to lock down hangers or energize seals. (Spec
6A)
LOCOMOTIVE (PISTON) – A locomotive (piston) is a swabcup unit used to transport and
manipulate TFL tools. (RP 6G)
LOG – The strip chart record or readout of the detected imperfections in the pie being inspected
by EMI or other electronic inspection equipment. (RP 5A5)
LOGGING – See Well Log. (Bul 10C)
LOGGING – See Mud Logging and Electric Logging. (Bul D1)
LONG STRING (CASING) – See Production Casing. (ITOGP)
LONG STRING (TUBING) – In a dual completed well, the tubing string to the deepest one.
(ITOGP)
LONGITUDINAL FATIGUE CRACKS – Damage initiated in the pipe by vertical cyclical
forces with no apparent local abrasion or denting. Fatigue cracks are the result of a combination
of static and cyclic stresses produced by the weight of upper layers of pipe and/or other cargo
giving a static load, and a cyclic load due to the vertical movement. (RP 5L5)
LONGITUDINAL IMPERFECTION – An imperfection which has its principle direction or
dimension in the approximately longitudinal direction. (RP 5A5)
LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIC FIELD – Magnetization of a material in such a way that the
magnetic flux runs substantially parallel to the axis of the pipe. (RP 5A5)
LONGITUDINAL SEAM – A butt-welded seam which parallels the axis of the pipe. (Spec 2B)
LONGITUDINAL WAVE – Those waves in which the particle motion of the material is
essentially in the same direction as the wave propagation. (RP 2X)
LOOP – A loop is a curved section of tube vent to a minimum 5 foot (1,524 m) radius allowing
change in direction TFL lines. (RP 6G)
LOOSE GEAR – Loose gear includes all slings, nets, hooks, baskets, shackles, chains, ropes,
cables, life vests, etc., necessary in crane operations to attach the load to the crane hook or block
and to move the load. (Life jackets and life vests are terms for a Coast Guard approved life
saving device able to support an unconscious man in the face-up position. Work vests are
buoyant flotation devices usually made of a plastic foam and work vests are not approved for
work over water or for personnel transfer.) (Spec 2C)
LOSS OF BACK REFLECTION (ULTRASONIC) – Absence of or a significant reduction of an
indication from the back surface of the article being inspected. (RP 2X, RP 5A5)
LOSS CIRCULATION – See Circulation, Loss of. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
LOSS OF HEAD OR FRICTION LOSS – See Pressure-Drop Loss. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
LOST-CIRCULATION ADDITIVES – Materials added to drilling fluid to control or prevent
lost circulation. These materials are added in varying amounts and are classified as fiber, flake,
or granular. (Bul D11)
LOST CIRCULATION MATERIAL – A material added to cement slurries or drilling fluids
which is designed to prevent the loss of cement or mud to the formation. See Bridging Material.
(Bul 10C)
LOST RETURNS – Loss of drilling fluids into the formation resulting in a decrease in pit
volume. (RP 53)
LOST RETURNS – See Circulation, Loss of. (Bul D11)
LOST WORKDAYS – There are two separate classifications.
Days away from work – (These days are evaluated under this Award Plan.) The number of
workdays (consecutive or not) on which an employee would have worked but could not because
of occupational injury or illness. The number of lost workdays should not include the day of
injury or onset of illness or any days on which the employee would not have worked even though
able to.
Days of restricted activity – (These days are not evaluated under this Award Plan.) The number
of workdays (consecutive or not) on which, because of injury or illness
1. The employee was assigned to another job on a temporary basis, or
2. The employer worked at a permanent job less than full time, or
3. The employee worked at a permanently assigned job but could not perform all duties
normally connected with it. (Bul T5)
LOW-ANGLE HOLES – Generally conceded to be holes for which the inclination from vertical
is less than 20 degrees. (Bul D20)
LOW FLOW – Flow in a process component less than the minimum operating flow rate. (RP
14C)
LOW FREQUENCY MOTION – Motion response at frequencies below wave frequencies
typically with periods ranging from 30 to 300 seconds. (RP 2T)
LOW LIQUID LEVEL – Liquid level in a process component below the lowest operating level.
(RP 14C)
LOW PRESSURE – Pressure in a process component less than the minimum operating pressure.
(RP 14C)
LOW-SOLIDS DRILLING FLUIDS – A designation given to any type of drilling fluid where
high performing additives, e.g., CMC, have been partially or wholly substituted for commercial
or natural clays. For comparable viscosity and densities (weighted with barite), a low-solids
drilling fluid will have a lower volume-percent solids content. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
LOW SPECIFIC GRAVITY SOLIDS – Salts, drilled solids of every size, commercial colloids,
lost circulation materials; i.e., all solids in drilling fluid, except barite or other commercial
weighting materials. (Bul 13C)
LOW TEMPERATURE – Temperature in a process component less than the minimum operating
temperature. (RP 14C)
LOW-YIELD CLAYS – Commercial clays chiefly of the calcium montmorillonite type having a
yield in the range of 15 to 30 bbl/ton (2.63 to 5.25 m3/t) usually refers to per cent by weight. If
per cent by volume is means, it should be so stated. (Bul 10C)
LOW-YIELD CLAYS – Commercial clays chiefly of the calcium montmorillonite type having a
yield of approximately 15 to 30 bbl/ton. (Bul D11)
LOWER DECK – Lowest primary deck level consisting of girders, beams and plate elements.
(RP 2T)
LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL) – The lowest concentration by volume of combustible
gases in mixture with air that can be ignited at ambient conditions. (RP 14C)
LUBRICATOR – A specially fabricated length of pipe that is usually temporarily placed above a
valve on top of the Christmas tree. Lubricators are used to run special tools, usually on a
wireline, into a producing well without having to kill the well. (ITOGP)
LUBRICATOR – A lubricator is a tube and valve assembly that permits tool strings to be
inserted into and removed from a pressurized system. (RP 6G)
LUBRICATOR – A specially fabricated length of pipe with union connectors and bleed-off
valves that is temporarily placed above a valve on top of the casing or tubing head. Lubricators
afford a method of sealing off pressure yet still allow the passage of a device, usually on a
wireline, or substance into the well without having to kill the well. (WLOP)
LUBRICATOR ASSEMBLY – Fabricated length(s) of casing or tubing equipped with a packoff
and a wireline blowout preventer which is temporarily installed to provide surface pressure
control while running or pulling wireline tools. (RP 57)
LUFFING – See Derricking. (Spec 2C)
LYOPHILIC – Having an affinity for the suspending medium, such as bentonite in water. (Bul
D11)
LYOPHILLIC COLLOID – A colloid that is not easily precipitated from a solution and is
readily dispersible after precipitation by an addition of the solvent. (Bul D11)
LYOPHOBIC COLLOID – A colloid that is readily precipitated from a solution and cannot be
redispersed by an addition of the solution. (Bul D11)
-MMf
– The methyl orange alkalinity of the filtrate, reported as the number of milliliters of 0.02
Normal (N/50) acid required per milliliter of filtrate to reach the methyl orange end point. (pH
4.3). (Bul D11)
MACARONI STRING – Tubing inside tubing. (GL)
MACARONI STRING – A strong of tubing of very small diameter. (ITGOP)
MACHINERY AREA – An area where equipment incorporating rotating or reciprocating
mechanical equipment in the form of internal combustion engines, gas turbines, electric motors,
generators, pumps and compressor is located. (RP 2G)
MAGNETIC DECLINATION – Angular difference, east or west at any geographical location
between true north or grid north and magnetic north. (Bul D20)
MAGNETIC FIELD – Region around a magnet experiencing lines of force from that magnet.
(Bul D20)
MAGNETIC FIELD – The space around a magnet within which ferromagnetic materials are
attracted is called a magnetic field. (RP 5A5)
MAGNETIC FIELD INDICATOR – A device which indicates the direction and strength of a
magnetic field. (RP 5A5)
MAGNETIC INTERFERENCE – That condition which occurs when extraneous magnetic forces
cause a magnetic compass to read incorrectly. (Bul D20)
MAGNETIC MOMENT – The product of the strength of one of the poles of a magnet by the
distance between the ples. (D20)
MAGNETIC NORTH – The direction from any geographical location on the earth’s surface to
the north magnetic pole. (Bul D20)
MAGNETIC PARTICLES – Finely divided ferromagnetic particles selected and prepared for
magnetic particle inspection by the dry method. (RP 5A5)
MAGNETIC POLE – The area on a magnet at which the magnetic field enters and leaves the
magnet. Magnets have two poles, the north pole and the south pole. (Bu D20)
MAGNETIC POLES – The area on a magnetized pipe from which the magnetic field is “leaving
or returning,” usually at its end when longitudinally magnetized. (RP 5A5)
MAGNETIC SURVEY – A directional survey in which the direction is determined by a
magnetic compass detecting the earth’s magnetic field. (Bul D20)
MAGNETISM – The ability of a magnet to attract or repel another magnet is called magnetism.
Also recognized as a force-field surrounding conductors carrying electric current. (RP 5A5)
MAGNETIZED DRILLING ASSEMBLIES – A drilling assembly may retain residual
magnetism, this magnetism affects the magnetic compass. (Bul D20)
MAGNETIZING FORCE – Magnetizing force is considered to be the total force tending to set
up a magnetic field in a magnetic circuit divided by its length. It is usually designated by the
letter “H” and the unit is the “oerstedd.” (RP 5A5)
MAGNETOMETER – A device for measuring the strength of magnets or magnetic fields. Also
know as a Gaussmeter. (RP 5A5)
MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (mmf)- The produce of the current and the number of turns in a
current carrying coil. (RP 5A5)
MAIN COLUMNS – Vertical, Cylindrical or multifaceted buoyancy members of the hull
structure which provide platform stability and deck support. Tendons are supported by thee
columns. (RP 2T)
MAIN GIRDERS – Deck elements spanning between the primary load carrying subsystem. (RP
2T)
MAIN HOIST LINE – See Load Line. (Spec 2C)
MAJOR CONE – An imaginary cone that passes over the crest of the external thread and the
root of internal thread. (RP 5A5, RP 5B1)
MAJOR DIAMETER – The crest diameter of the external thread and the root diameter of the
internal thread. The largest diameter of the thread. (RP 5B1)
MAJOR STRUCTURAL REVISION – A change to the structure which reduces the loadcarrying
capability of any structural component or for which a revised load chart has been
established. (Spec 2C)
MAKE A HAND – To become a good worker. (ITOGP)
MAKE-AND-BREAK – To connect and disconnect a connection. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
MAKE IT UP – To screw a pipe or threaded connection tight by the use of a wrench. (ITOGP)
MAKE UP – To assemble and join parts to form a complete unit, as to make up a string of
tubing. To screw together two threaded pieces. (ITOGP)
MAKING A CONNECTION – Act of screwing a joint of pipe or rods onto the string suspended
in the wellbore. (RP 54)
MAKING A TRIP – Consists of hoisting (pulling) the pipe or rods to the surface and returning
same to the wellbore. (RP 54)
MAKING UP A JOINT – Act of screwing a joint of pipe into another joint. (RP 54)
MALE CONNECTION – A connection with the threads on the outside. (ITOGP)
MALFUNCTION – Any condition of the SSSV system that causes it to operate improperly, but
odes not prevent the performance of its design function of preventing uncontrolled well flow;
e.g., premature closure or inability to reopen after closure. (RP 14B, RP14H)
MALFUNCTION – Any condition of a device or an equipment item that causes it to operate
improperly, but does not prevent the performance of its design function. (RP 14C)
MALFUNCTION – Any condition of SSSV equipment that causes it to operate improperly, but
does not prevent the performance of its design function of preventing uncontrolled well flow;
e.g., premature closure or inability to reopen after closure. (Spec 14a)
MALFUNCTION – Any condition of SSV/USV equipment that causes it to operate improperly,
but does not prevent the performance of its design function of preventing uncontrolled well flow;
e.g., premature closure or inability to reopen after closure. (Spec 14D)
MANDREL – See Wireline or Tubing Retrievable. (GL)
MANIFOLD – An accessory system of valves and piping to a main piping system (or other
conductors) that serves to divide a flow into several parts, to combine several flows into one, or
to reroute a flow to any one of several possible destinations. (ITOGP)
MANIFOLD & HEADER SYSTEM – An assembly of pipe, valves and fittings by which fluid
flow from one or more sources is selectively directed to one or more outlets. Commonly, the
flow line from the wellhead is connected to a manifold and each manifold outlet is connected to
a header which directs the flow to one of the production systems. An injection manifold divides a
common source of gas, water, or other fluid among several injection wells. (RP 2G)
MANIFOLD – An assembly of pipe, valves, and fittings by which fluid from one or more
sources is selectively directed to various process systems. (RP 14E)
MANNED PLATFORM – A platform which is actually and continuously occupied by persons
accommodated and living thereon. (RP 2A)
MANNED PLATFORM – A platform on which people are routinely accommodated for more
than 12 hours per day. (RP 14F, RP 14G)
MANUFACTURER – The firm, company, or corporation furnishing the plate steel used in the
fabrication of the structural steel pipe. (Spec 2B)
MANUFACTURER – Includes pipe mills, processors, threaders, and manufacturers of
couplings, pup joints and connectors, as applicable. (Spec 5AC)
MANUFACTURER – An API Licensee/Applicant who makes or processes products and/or
materials. (Spec Q1)
MANUFACTURER – The principal agent in the design, fabrication and furnishing of SSSV
equipment who chooses to comply with API Specification 14A. (RP 14B, Spec 14A)
MANUFACTURER – The principal agent in the design, fabrication and furnishing of an
SSV/USV actuator and/or SSV/USV valve who chooses to comply with API Spec 14D. The
SSV/USV valve and SSV/USV actuator define functional entities and do not necessarily
represent the units as supplied. (RP 14H, Spec 14D)
MANUFACTURERS – A term denoting individuals or companies who make or process
equipment and/or material for which AP Standards have been or are being formulated. (Bul S1)
MARGINAL WELL – A low producing rate well that is approaching depletion to the extent that
any profit from its continued production is doubtful. (ITOGP)
MARINE DRILLING RISER – A tubular conduit serving as an extension of the well bore from
the equipment on the wellhead at the seafloor to a floating drilling rig. (RP 2R)
MARKERS – A series of indications on the horizontal trace of the cathode ray tube which
calibrates the trace in increments of time or distance. (RP 2X)
MARKING – The term “marking” is used to refer to the assorted marks on tubular products, and
includes inspection markings made with paint sticks and stencils, and ball-point paint tubes. (RP
5A5)
MARSH BUGGY – A tractor-like vehicle whose wheels are fitted with extra large rubber tires
for use in swamps. (ITOGP)
MARSH FUNNEL – An instrument used in determining the Marsh funnel viscosity. The marsh
funnel is a container with a fixed orifice at the bottom so that, when filled with 1,500 mL fresh
water, 1 qt (946 mL) will flow out in 26 ± 0.5 sec. For 1,000 mL fresh water outflow, the efflux
time is 27.5 ± 0.5 sec. See API RP 13B for specifications. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
MARSH FUNNEL VISCOSITY – Commonly called the funnel viscosity. The Marsh funnel
viscosity is reported as the number of seconds required for a given fluid to flow 1 qt through the
Marsh funnel. In some areas the efflux quantity is 1,000 cc. See API RP 13B for instructions.
See also Kinematic Viscosity. (Bul D11)
MASS – The effective weight of a particle considering its specific gravity and particle size. (Bul
13C)
MASS FLOW METERS – Provide measurement of fluid volume and fluid density through same
meter. (T)
MAST- Refer to “Derrick (Mast).” (RP 54)
MAST (Also known as GANTRY) – A frame hinged at or near the boom hinge for use in
connection with supporting a boom. Head of mast is usually supported and raised or lowered by
the boom hoist ropes. (Spec 2C)
MAST – A structural tower comprised of one or more sections assembled in a horizontal
position near the ground and then raised to the operating position. If the unit contains two or
more sections, it may be telescoped or unfolded during the erection procedure. (Spec 4F)
MAST – A portable derrick capable of being erected as a unit, as distinguished from a standard
derrick which cannot be raised to a working position as a unit. Used for well drilling or well
work-over. (WLOP)
MAST SET-UP DISTANCE – The distance from the center line of the well to a designated point
on the mast structure defined by a manufacturer to assist in the setup of the rig. (Spec 4F)
MASTER CLUTCH – Disengages prime mover from all motions of the crane. (Spec 2C)
MASTER COUPLING LINK – Is an alloy steel welded coupling link used as an intermediate
link to join alloy steel chain to master links. (Spec 2C)
MASTER LINK OR GATHERING RING – Is a forged or welded steel link used to support all
members (legs) of an alloy steel chain sling or wire rope sling. (Spec 2C)
MASTER VALVE – A large valve located on the Christmas tree used to shut in a well. (ITOGP)
MASTER VALVE – A large valve used to shut in a well. (GL)
MASTER VALVE – A large valve located on the Christmas tree. It is used to open or close the
well. (WLOP)
MASTER VALVE – Normally the lowermost valve(s) in the vertical run of the Christmas tree.
(RP 57)
MASTER WELL COURSE MAPS – Plots showing the locations of the wellbores of several
wells in an area. (Bul D20)
MATERIAL BALANCE – In reservoir engineering, a volumetric balance which states that since
the volume of a reservoir is constant, the algebraic sum of the volume changes of the oil, free
gas, and water volumes must be zero. (SSWID)
MATERIAL NOISE – Extraneous signals caused by the structure of the material being tested.
(RP 2X)
MATERIAL PERFORMANCE BASES – Capabilities which must be demonstrated, as a
minimum, for material to satisfy the criteria of this standard. (Spec 6A Spec 16A)
MATING JOINTS – Intersection of deck and hull structures on a non-integrally constructed
platform. (RP 2T)
MAWP – Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE OPERATING PRESSURE – The highest operating pressure
allowable at any point in a pipeline system during normal flow or static conditions. (RP 14C)
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE – The maximum allowable working
pressure (MAWP) is the maximum pressure, permissible by the ASME Code, at the top of the
separator in its normal operating position for a designated temperature. (Spec 12J)
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE – The highest operating pressure
allowable at any point in any component other than a pipeline during normal operation or static
conditions. (RP 14C)
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE – The maximum gage pressure
permissible at the top of a completed vessel in its operating position for a designated
temperature. This pressure is based on calculations for every element of the vessel using nominal
thicknesses exclusive of allowances for corrosion and thickness required for loadings other than
pressure. It is the basis for the pressure setting of the pressure relieving devices protecting the
vessel. (Spec 12L)
MAXIMUM ANGLE (MAXIMUM AVERAGE ANGLE) – Refers to the angle of inclination to
which the wellbore is held in the “locked-in” straight section. (Bul D20)
MAXIMUM ANTICIPATED SURFACE PRESSURE – The highest pressure predicted to be
encountered at the surface of a well. (RP 57)
MAXIMUM CONNECTED CONDITION – The maximum connected condition is defined as
that combination of wind velocity, wave heights and period, water depth, current and offset up to
which the drilling unit can be expected to hold location with the riser connected to the BOP
stack. (RP 2P)
MAXIMUM DESIGN CONDITION – The maximum design condition is defined as that
combination of wind velocity, wave height and period, current velocity, water depth and vessel
offset for which the mooring system is designed. Generally the drilling unit will likely be
disconnected from seafloor drilling equipment as required so that large values of offset can be
tolerated. The magnitude of thee values should be known to those people responsible for the
drilling unit’s operation in order that abandonment of location can be achieved in a timely
fashion. The maximum design condition is the concurrent collinear combination of the design
wind, design wave and design current. (RP 2P)
MAXIMUM ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION – The maximum environmental condition for a
given location and time period is defined as that combination of wind velocity, wave height and
period, water depth and current velocity that will create the largest force on a fixed permanent
structure. These values are generally the criteria used for designing fixed, permanent structures.
They may not be the same values used for a floating drilling unit since it retains the option to
leave location before these conditions develop. (RP 2P)
MAXIMUM OPERATING CONDITION – The maximum operating condition is defined as that
combination of wind velocity, wave height and period, water depth, current and offset up to
which the drilling unit can be expected to sustain drilling operations. These values should be
known to the people responsible for the drilling unit’s operations in order that timely plans to
suspend operations can be performed. (RP 2P)
MAXIMUM OPERATING TEMPERATURE – The temperature at which a gun can be held for
a specified period of item and function normally. (RP 43)
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DOGLEG – Refer to “Dogleg Types, Permissible.” (Bul D20)
MAXIMUM RATED STATIC HOOK LOAD –The Maximum Rated Static Hook Load, for the
specified number of lines strung to the traveling block, is the sum of the weight that is applied at
the hook and the traveling equipment for the designated location of the dead line anchor and in
the absence of any pipe setback, sucker road or wind loadings. (Spec 4F)
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS THEORY – Failure theory defined by the following equation: O1
- O2 = Fy where O1 is the maximum principal stress and O2 is the minimum principal stress, with
tension positive and compression negative. (Bul U)
MCF – The abbreviation for 1,000 cubic feet (usually applied to natural gas). (ITOGP)
MCF – 1000 cubic feet of gas (WT)
MCFD – 1000 cubic feet of gas per day. (WT)
MD – MEASURED PUMP INTAKE SETTING DEPTH (FT.) – Actual pump setting depth
measured along the well bore. Theoretically, in non-deviated wells, MD =VD.
MEAN OFFSET – The average offset, corresponding tothe average horizontal forces on the RLP
in the given environmental conditions. (RP 2T)
MEASURED DEPTH – Actual length of the well bore from its surface location to any specified
station (refer to “Well Depth”). (Bul D20)
MEASUREMENTS – Measurements are to be made with appropriate instruments and are to be
reported in inches and in decimal fractions thereof to the nearest 0.01 in., e.g; entrance hole
diameter – 0.37 in., total target penetration – 6.78 in. (RP 43)
MEASURING DEVICE – A special reel for solid wireline used to take depth measurements in a
well. A calibrated wheel, roller assembly, and counter measures the footage of wire line as it is
lowered into the well. It is also used to measure the footage of wire line as it is pulled form the
well. (WLOP)
MEASURING TANK – A calibrated tank that automatically measures the volume of liquid run
in and then released. Measuring tanks are used in LACT systems and may also be referred to as
METERING TANKS or DUMP TANKS. (ITOGP)
MECHANICAL – The distribution of power by mechanical devices (chains, sprockets, clutches,
and shafts). (WLOP)
MECHANICAL COUPLING LINK – A non-welded, mechanically closed steel link used to
attach master links, hooks, etc., to alloy steel chain. (Spec 2C)
MECHANICAL DAMAGE: See Handling Damage and Galling. (Bul 5T1)
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY – The percentage relation of mechanical power output to
mechanical power input. (Bul D10)
MECHANICAL-ELECTRIC RIG – A rotary drilling rig using diesel or gas engines to drive
pumps and generator. (Bul D10)
MECHANICAL ORIENTING TOOL – A device to orient deflecting tools without the use of
subsurface surveying instruments. (Bul D20)
MECHANICAL RIG – A rotary drilling rig driven by diesel or gas engines. (Bul D10)
MECHANISM –The working parts of a machine; or a system whose parts work together like
those of a machine. (WT)
MEDIAN CUT – The effectiveness of a device in separating solids particles from a specific
liquid-solids slurry under specified condition expressed in the particle size that reports 50% to
the overflow. (Bul 13C)
MEDIAN LETHAL CONCENTRATION (LC50) – A standard measure of toxicity. LC50
indicates the concentration of a substance or test material that cause death to fifty percent (50%)
of a population within a given time period. (Bul D11)
MEDIAN LETHAL DOSE (LD50) – The dose of a test material ingested or injected that kills
fifty percent (50%) of a group of test organisms. (Bul D11)
MEGGER INSTRUMENT – A device for measuring resistances. Used for determining coating
insulation or electrolyte resistance. (COGWE, SSWID)
MELT – To convert a solid substance into the liquid state through a process of heating, or a
quantity of metal melted at a single operation. (COGWE, SSDWID)
MEMBRANE STRESSES – The in-plane stresses in the shell; longitudinal, circumferential or
shear. (Bul 2U)
MENISCUS – The curved upper surface of a liquid column, concave when the containing walls
are wetted by the liquid and convex when not. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
MERCURY METHOD – A combination of the “Tangential” and the “Balanced Tangential”
Methods, so as to treat that portion of the measured course defined by the length of the
measuring tool as a straight line (tangentially) and the remainder of the measured course
trapezoidially. Also, refer to “Compensated Acceleration Method” and “Combined Method.”
(Bul D20)
MERIDIAN-SEEKING COMPASS – A gyroscope compass that has the capability to return
itself to the meridian if moved away by some disturbing force. (Bul D20)
MESH – The average openings (distance between parallel wires) both in the warp and shoot
directions of a woven wire screen expressed as the number of openings per linear inch. (Bul
10C)
MESH – The number of openings (and fraction thereof) per linear inch in a screen, counting
from the center of a wire. (Bul 13C)
MESH – A meaure of fineness of a woven material, screen, or sieve; e.g., a 200-mesh sieve has
200 openings per linear inch. A 200-mesh screen with a wire diameter of 0.002 in. (0.0533 mm)
has an opening of 0.074 mm, or will pass a particle of 74 microns. See Micron. (Bul D11)
MESH EQUIVALENT – As used in oilfield drilling applications; the U.S. Sieve number which
has the same opening as the minimum opening of the screen in question. (Bul 13C)
METAL LOSS CORROSION – Loss of metal in areas exposed to wellstreams which contain
water or brine and carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), oxygen (O2) or other corrosive
agents. (RP 14H, Spec 14D)
METAL PATH DISTANCE – One-way travel distance between transducer exit point and
reflector, along the actual travel path. (RP 2X)
METALLURGY – The art and science of extracting metals form their ores, refining them, and
preparing them for use. Can also be the technical details of a metal. (COGWE, SSWID)
METER CHART – A circular chart which records the differential and static pressure. See
Orifice Meter. (ITOGP)
METERING SEPARATOR – A vessel which measures liquid after separating of gas, usually by
means of a positive volume chamber which dumps a measured volume of liquid each time
chamber is filled. (WT)
METHANE – A colorless, nonpoisonous, and flammable gaseous hydrocarbon. Methane (CH4)
is emitted by marshes and by dumps undergoing anaerobic decomposition. (Bul D11)
METHODS OF ORIENTATION
Direct Method – Magnets embedded in the non-magnetic drill collar are used to indicate the
position of the tool face with respect to magnetic north. A picture of a needle compass pointing
to the magnets is superimposed on the picture of a compass pointing to magnetic north. By
knowing the position of the magnets in the tool, the tool can be positioned with respect to north.
Indirect Method – A method of orienting deflecting tools in which two survey runs are needed,
one showing the direction of the hole and the other showing the position of the tool.
MMO® – Magnetic Method of Orientation (Registered trademark of Sperry Sun Well Surveying
Co.). Refer to “Methods of Orientation, Direct Method.”
R-1® – (Registered trademark of Eastman Whipstock.) A method of orienting a deflection tool
using the “R-1 instrument.” Magnets in the non-magnetic collar and the magnetic north and a
superimposed picture of two compasses indicate the position of the tool with respect to north.
Refer to “Methods of Orientation, Direct Method.”
Stoking – method to orient a tool using two pipe clamps, a telescope with a hair line, and an
aligning bar to determine the orientation at each section of pipe run in the hole.
Surface Readout – A device on the rig floor to indicate the subsurface position of the toll. (Bul
D20)
MICA – Any of a group of mineral silicates crystallizing naturally into a very thin, laminar
sheets. When pulverized and sized, it is useful in combating lost circulation. (Bul 10C)
MICA – A naturally occurring flake material of varying size used in combating lost circulation.
Chemically, an alkali aluminum silicate. (Bul D11)
MICELLES – Organic and inorganic molecular aggregates occurring in colloidal solutions. Long
chains of individual structural units chemically joined to one another and laid side by side to
form bundles. When bentonite hydrates, certain sodium or other metallic ions go into solution,
the clay particle plus its atmosphere of ions is technically known as a micelle. (Bul D11)
MICRON – a metric unit of linear measure. 1,000 microns = 1 millimeter; 25,400 microns = 1
inch. (Bul 13C)
MICRON u Mu – A unit of length equal to one-millionth part of a meter, or one-thousandth part
of a millimeter. (Bul D11)
MICRON – A unit of length equal to one-millionth part of a meter, or one-thousandth part of a
millimeter. (SSWID)
MID-BAFFLE – In horizontal emulsion treaters a baffle or bulkhead may be located between the
heating section and the coalescing section. This member is commonly referred to as a mid-baffle
or bulkhead. (Spec 12L)
MIGRATION – The movement of oil from the area is which it has formed to a reservoir rock
where it can accumulate. (ITOGP)
MIL – One-thousandth of an inch (0.001 in). (COGWE, SSWID)
MILK EMULSION – See Oil-emulsion Water. (Bul D11)
MILL END – The pipe end having the coupling or box. (RP 5A5)
MILL GRIND – An area of the pipe surface removed by grinding during the manufacturing
process. (RP 5A5)
MILL SCALE – An oxide of iron which forms on the surface of hot steel. (RP 5A5)
MILLIDARCY – 1/1000 Darcy. See Darcy. (Bul D11)
MINIMUM ANGLE – The lowest angle for easy control of azimuth in a directional well, almost
universally agreed to be about 18o, not less than 14 o, and preferably 20 o. (Bul D20)
MINIMUM CURVATURE METHOD – Uses the sets of angles measured at the top and bottom
of the course length to establish coordinate velocities through which a space curve (which
represents the calculated path of the wellbore) passes in a manner that minimizes its total
curvature. (Bul D20)
MINIMUM INTERNAL YIELD PRESSURE – The lowest pressure at which permanent
deformation will occur. (RP 53)
MINIMUM WATER – The minimum water content of cement slurry determined by the
procedure given in API Spec 10. (Bul 10C)
MINOR CONE – An imaginary cone that passes over the root of the external threads and the
crest of internal threads. (RP 5A5, RP 5B1)
MINOR DIAMETER – The root diameter of the external thread and the crest diameter of the
internal thread. The smallest diameter of the thread. (RP 5B1)
MISCIBLE FLOOD – An oil-recovery process which involves the injection of a fluid which
mixes readily with the oil, followed by a displacing fluid. (ITOGP)
MIST DRILLING – A method of rotary drilling whereby water and/or oil is dispersed in air
and/or gas as the drilling fluid. (Bul D11)
MIST EXTRACTOR – A metallic element used to remove moisture of condensable
hydrocarbons from a gas stream in an oil and gas separator or scrubber. (ITOGP)
MIXER, PILOT, BURNER – Mechanical devices located in the arrestor housing and breeching
which mix the fuel and air and control burning and flame position. (RP 12N)
ML OR MILLILITER – A metric system unit for the measure of volume. Literally 1/1000th of a
liter. In drilling fluid analysis work, this term is used interchangeably with cubic centimeter (cc).
One quart is about equal to 946 ml. (Bul D11)
MMCF – The abbreviation of 1,000,000 cubic feet; a common unit of measurement of large
quantities of gas. (ITOGP)
MMCF – 1,000,000 cubic feet of gas. (WT)
MMCFD – 1,000,000 cubic feet of gas per day. (WT)
MMS – Abbreviation for Minerals Management Service, the Federal Government agency
responsible for enforcement of rules pertaining to the drilling, completion and operation of oil
and gas wells on the Outer Continental Shelf (offshore) and federal lands onshore. (Formerly
United States Geological Survey – USGS).
MMSCF – 1,000,000 cubic feet of gas at standard or base conditions of temperature and pressure
according to established base condition in area of measurement. (WT)
MMSCFD – 1,000,000 standard cubic feet of gas per day. (WT)
MODE – The manner in which acoustic energy is propagated through a material as characterized
by the particle motion of the wave. (RP 2X)
MODE-CONVERSION – The characteristics of surfaces to change the mode of propagation of
acoustic energy from one mode to another. (RP 2X)
MODE OF VIBRATION – Type of wave motion, for example, longitudinal, transverse, etc. (RP
2X)
MODEL – A make of SSSV with unique internal operating parts and operating characteristics
which differentiate it from other SSSVs of the same type. It may have any of a variety of end
thread connections. (Spec 14)
MODEL ERROR – That portion of the error that is due to the difference between the position of
the real well and the position derived from the model calculation under the assumption that the
survey data contain no errors. (Bul D20)
MODERATE ANGLE WELLBORES – Generally conceded to be wellbores which have an
inclination from vertical between 20 and 50 degrees. (Bul D20)
MODU – Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit
MOGA – Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association
MOLECULE – When atoms combine they form a molecule. In the case of an element or a
compound, a molecule is the smallest unit which chemically still retains the properties of the
substance in mass. (Bul D11)
MOLECULE – The smallest particle of any substance that can exist free and still exhibit all the
properties of the original substance. (COGWE, SSWID)
MOLECULAR WEIGHT – The sum of the atomic weights of all the constituent atoms in the
molecule of an element or compound. (Bul D11)
MOMENT – Tendency, or measure of tendency, to produce motion about a reference point or
axis. (Bul D20)
MOMENT – Tendency, or measure of tendency, to produce motion about a reference point or
axis. (Bul D20)
MOMENT CONTROLLING DEVICE – Devices such as ball joints or elastomeric joints used to
reduce bending stresses induced by relative angular movements at the ends of the riser. When
curvature control is necessary, tapered joints may also be used. (RP 2T)
MONEL – A trademark name of an alloy of about 70 percent nickel, 30percent copper.
(COGWE, SSWID)
MONEL (K MONEL) – A permanently non-magnetic alloy used in making downhole tools. (Bul
20)
MONITORING – Periodic or continuous determination of the amount of pollutants or
contamination present in the environment or in drilling fluids. (Bul D11)
MONITORING, RADIATION – Periodic or continuous determination of the amount of ionizing
radiation present in a region. (RP 5A5)
MONKEY BOARD – Platform on which the derrickman works during the time a trip is being
made. (RP 54)
MONTMORILLONITE – A clay mineral commonly used as an additive to drilling fluids.
Sodium montmorillonite is the main constituent in bentonite. (Bul 10C)
MONTMORILLONITE – A clay mineral commonly used as an additive to drilling fluids.
Sodium montmorillonite is the main constituent in bentonite. The structure of montmorillonite is
characterized by a form which consists of a thin-platy-type sheet with the width and breadth
indefinite, and thickness that of the molecule. The unit thickness of the molecule consists of
three layers. Attached to the surface are ions that are replaceable. Calcium montmorillonite is the
main constituent in low-yield clays. (Bul D11)
MOSQUITO BILL – A tube mounted at the bottom of a sucker-rod pump and inside a gas
anchor to provide a conduit for well fluids into the pump. See Gas Anchor. (ITOGP)
MOTION SENSOR – A device used in directional surveys that senses motion and will not
permit the measurements of the survey until after motion ceases. (Bul D20)
MPI – Acronym for Magnetic Particle Inspection. (RP 5A5)
MPY – Measure of corrosion penetration rate in mils per year. (COGWE, SSWID)
MSCF – 1,000 standard cubic feet of gas. (WT)
MSCF (MCF) – One thousand standard cubic feet of gas. This term is commonly used to express
the volume of gas produced, transmitted, or consumed in a given period of time (scf – standard
cubic foot of gas). (GL)
MSCF/B (MCF/B) – Thousands of cubic feet per barrel. (GL)
MSCFD – 1,000 standard cubic feet of gas per day. (WT)
MSS – Manufacturers Standardization Society of The Valve and Fittings Industry.
MUD – See Drilling Mud. (Bul 10C)
MUD – A water- or oil-base drilling fluid whose properties have been altered by solids,
commercial and/or native, dissolved and/or suspended. Used for circulating out cuttings and
many other functions while drilling a well. Mud is the term most commonly given to drilling
fluids. See Drilling Fluid. (Bul D11)
MUD – The liquid that is circulated through the well-bore during rotary drilling and workover
operations. (ITOGP)
MUD ADDITIVE – Any material added to a drilling fluid to achieve a particular purpose. (Bul
10C, Bul D11)
MUD BOX – A compartment which receives the mud for distribution to the screening surface.
(Bul 13C)
MUD BOX – Device used to wrap around pipe connections to deflect fluid released when a joint
or stand of pipe containing liquid is unscrewed. (RP 54)
MUD CONE – See Preferred Term: Hydrocyclone. (Bul 13C)
MUD FEED – Drilling fluid, with or without dilution, for introduction into a liquid-solids
separator. (Bul 13C)
MUD HOUSE – A structure at the rig to store and shelter sacked materials used in drilling fluids.
(Bul D11)
MUD LOGGING – A method of determining the presence or absence of oil or gas in the various
formations penetrated by the drill bit. The drilling fluid and the cuttings are continuously tested
on their return to the surface, and the results of these tests are correlated with the depth or origin.
(Bul 10C, Bul D11)
MUD-MIXING DEVICES – The most common device for adding solids to the drilling fluid is
by means of the jet hopper. Some other devices for mixing are: eductors, paddle mixers, electric
stirrers, must guns, chemical barrels, etc. (Bul D11)
MUD MOTOR – Usually a “Dyna-Drill” or a turbo-drill. (Bul D20)
MUD PIT – Earthen or steel storage facilities for the surface drilling fluid system. Mud pits
which vary in volume and number are of two types: circulating and reserve. Drilling fluid
testing and conditioning is normally done in the circulating pit system. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
MUD PROGRAM – A proposed or followed plan or procedure for the type(s) and properties of
drilling fluid(s) used in drilling a well with respect to depth. Some factors that influence the mud
program are the casing program and such formation characteristics as type, competence,
solubility, temperature, pressure, etc. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
MUD PUMPS – Pumps at the rig used to circulate drilling fluids. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
MUD SCALES – See Balance, Mud. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
MUD STILL – An instrument used to distill oil, water, and other volatile material in a drilling
fluid to determine oil, water, and total solids contents in volume-percent. (Bul D11)
MUDDING OFF – Commonly thought of as reduced productivity caused by the penetrating,
sealing, or plastering effect of a drilling fluid. (Bul D11)
MUDDING UP – Process of mixing drilling fluid additives to achieve some desired purpose not
possible with the former fluid which usually has been water, air, or gas. (Bul D11)
MULE SHOE – A shaped form used on the bottom of orienting tools to position the tool. The
shape resembles a mule shoe or that of the end of a pipe cut both diagonally and concave. The
shaped end forms a wedge to rotate the tool when lowered into a mating seat for the mule shoe.
(Bul D22)
MULTI-HELICOPTER HELIPORT – A heliport designed for use by more than one helicopter
at any one time. (RP 2L)
MULTI-SHOT SURVEY – A directional survey in which multiple data points are recorded with
one trip into the wellbore. Data are usually recorded on rolls of film. (Bul D20)
MULTIPLE BACK REFLECTIONS – Repetitive echoes from the far boundary of the material
being examined. (RP 2X)
MULTIPLE COMPLETION – A well equipped to produce oil and/or gas separately from more
than one reservoir. (ITOGP)
MULTIPLE COMPLETION – An equipment arrangement for producing two or more oil or gas
formations from one wellbore. Multiple completions may use parallel tubing strings, each packed
off from the other to prevent commingling of the production from different formations, or
concentric strings, each packed off from the other, for the same purpose. (WLOP)
MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS – Successive echoes of ultrasonic energy between two surfaces.
(RP 2X)
MULTIYEAR FLOE – An ice floe that has survived one or more melt seasons. The floe may
contain an embedded ridge having a weathered, rounded, consolidated sail and a relatively solid
keel, approximately 3 to 4 times the sail height. (Bul 2N)
MULTIYEAR ICE – Sea ice that has survived one or more melt seasons. (Bul 2N)
MULTIYEAR RIDGE – A ridge that has survived one or more summer melt seasons. (Bul 2N)
-NNACE
– National Association of Corrosion Engineers
NATURAL CLAYS – Natural clays, as opposed to commercial clays, are clays that are
encountered when drilling various formations. The yield of these clays varies greatly, and they
may or may not be purposely incorporated into the drilling fluid system. (Bul D11, Bul 10C)
NATURAL GAS – A mixture of hydrocarbons and varying quantities of nonhydrocarbons that
exists either in the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in natural underground reservoirs.
(ITOGP)
NATURAL GAS – A fuel gas occurring naturally in certain geologic formations. Natural gas is
usually a combustible mixture of methane and other hydrocarbons. (Bul D11)
NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS – Those portions of reservoir gas which are liquefied at the surface
in separators, field facilities or gas processing plants. Plant products are also known as
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG). (ITOGP)
NATURAL GAS PLANT – See Gas Processing Plant. (ITOGP)
NATURAL GAS STRIPPING – The countercurrent bubbling of a gas through a fluid to remove
certain components or impurities in the fluid. (SSWID)
NATURAL ICE ISLAND – Tabular, fresh-water fragments of glacial or shelf ice origin. (Bul
2N)
NATURALLY DEVIATED HOLE – A hole which has deviated from vertical without use of
deflection tools, for example, many holes will drill updip. (Bul D20)
NDT – Non-destructive testing
NEAR-BIT STABILIZER – A stabilizer placed in the bottom-hole assembly just above the bit.
(Bul D20)
NEAR FIELD – The region of the ultrasonic beam adjacent to the transducer and having
complex beam profiles. Also known as the Fresnel one. (RP 2X)
NEAR-SIZE – That material very nearly the size of the screen aperture, generally considered as
plus or minus 25% of the aperture. (Bul 13C)
NEAT CEMENT – A slurry composed of portland cement and water. (Bul D11, Bul 10C)
NEC – National Electrical Code
NEEDLE VALVE – A valve having a tapered gate that rests in a tapered orifice for extremely
fine regulation of flow. (WLOP)
NEEDLE VALVE – A valve used on small, high-pressure piping where accurate control of
small amounts of liquid or gas is desired. Also used with pressure gages. (ITOGP)
NEGATIVE BUOYANCY – If a body weights more than the weight of sea water that it
displaces, then it is considered to be negatively buoyant. (RP 2T)
NEGATIVELY SKEWED BIT – A bit with offset built into the cones in an opposite direction to
that normally used. Some effort has gone into determining if negative offset will reverse the bit
walk of the normally-offset, soft-formation bits. (Bul D20)
NEMA – National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NEMA ENCLOSURE – An electrical enclosure manufactured to NEMA standards. (RP 14F)
NET-OIL COMPUTER – A combination of electronic and mechanical devices that
automatically determines the amount of oil in a water and oil emulsion. (ITOGP)
NEUTRAL POINT – This term has been defined variously as (1) the point where tension is zero;
or (2) where stresses are zero. (Bul D20)
NEUTRALIZATION – A reaction in which the hydrogen ion of an acid and the hydroxyl ion of
a base unite to form water, the other ionic product being a salt. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
NEWTONIAN FLOW – See Newtonian Fluid. (Bul D11)
NEWTONIAN FLUID – The basic and simplest fluids from the standpoint of viscosity
consideration in which the shear force is directly proportional to the shear rate. These fluids will
immediately begin to move when a pressure or force is applied. Examples of Newtonian fluids
are water, diesel oil, and glycerine. The yield point as determined by direct-indicating viscometer
is zero. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
NFPA – National Fire Protection Association
NIOSH – The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. (Bul D11)
NIPPLE – A section of threaded or socket welded pipe used as an appurtenance that is less than
12 inches in length. (RP 14E)
NIPPLE – A pipe fitting that is usually threaded on both ends and is less than 12 inches in
length. (ITOGP)
NIPPLE – A tubular pipe fitting threaded on both ends, usually less than 12 inches long.
(WLOP)
NIPPLE UP – To assemble a system of pipe, valves, and nipples as in a Christmas tree. (ITOGP)
NO-DRIFT – A length of pipe which will not pass an API drift with reasonable pressure. (RP
5A5)
NODE – A point in a standing wave where a given characteristic of the wave field has zero
amplitude. (RP 2X)
NOISE – Any undesired signal that tends to interfere with the normal reception or processing of
the desired signal. Origin may be electrical, or from small material reflectors. (RP 2X)
NOMINATIONS – The amount of oil or gas a purchaser expects to take from a field as reported
to a state regulatory agency (ITOGP)
NON-ASSOCIATED GAS – Natural gas which is in reservoirs that do not contain significant
quantities of crude oil. (ITOGP)
NON-CONDUCTIVE DRILLING FLUID – Any drilling fluid, usually oil-base or investemulsion
types, whose continuous phase does not conduct electricity, e.g., oil. The spontaneous
potential (SP) and normal resistivity cannot be logged, although such other logs as the induction,
acoustic velocity, etc., can be run. (Bul D11)
NON-CONFORMANCE – Any deviation from specified requirements. (Spec Q1)
NON-CORROSIVE HYDROCARBON SERVICE – Process streams under conditions which do
not cause significant metal weight loss, selective attack or stress corrosion cracking. (RP 14E)
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION (NDE) – Same as nondestructive testing. (RP 5A5)
NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING (NDT) – Inspection to detect internal, surface and concealed
defects or flaws in materials using techniques that do not damage or destroy the items being
tested. (RP 5A5)
NON FULL-CRESTED THREADS – Those threads on which the profiled or machined pipe
surface still appears on the threads crests. (RP 5A5)
NONINCENDIVE CIRCUITS – Circuits that under normal conditions do not release sufficient
energy to ignite a specific ignitable mixture. (RP 500B)
NON-INCENDIVE EQUIPMENT – Electrical equipment which in its normal operating
condition would not ignite a specific hazardous atmosphere in its most easily ignitable
concentration. (RP 14F)
NON-INCENDIVE EQUIPMENT – Equipment which is incapable of causing ignition of a
flammable gas or vapor in air mixture due to arcing or surface temperature in normal use. Note:
Normal use is considered to be when such equipment is operated at rated voltage, current and
frequency, and under specified environmental conditions; with all adjustments at most
unfavorable settings and with all tool removal parts in place; and is not subject to overloading in
normal use. (RP 500B)
NON-MAGNETIC DRILL COLLAR – A drill collar fabricated with non-magnetic material.
(Bul D20)
NON-OPERATOR – A working-interest owner other than the one designated as operator of the
property. (ITOGP)
NONPERFECT RECORD – An occupational injury and illness record with cases involving
death or days away from work. (Bul T-5)
NORMAL SOLUTION – A solution of such a concentration that it contains 1 gram-equivalent
of a substance per liter of solution. (Bul D11)
NORMALLY CLOSED VALVE – A valve which will shift to the closed position upon loss of
the power medium. (RP 14C, RP 14H, Spec 14D)
NORMALLY OPEN VALVE – A valve which will shift to the open position upon loss of the
power medium. (RP 14C)
NPL – Neutral Pressure Level
NPRA – National Petroleum Refiners Association
NPSH – Net Positive Suction Head
NSC – National Safety Council
NUDGE – Refers to the practice where very small deflection angles are induced to displace
conductor or shallow surface pipe a short distance away from an area of well congestion. (Bul
D20)
NUTRIENTS – Mineral elements including nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, sulfur,
magnesium, and iron which encourage plant and animal growth in soil or natural bodies of water.
(Bul D11)
-OOBJECTIVE
EVIDENCE – Facts which are observed and documented. (Spec Q1)
OBSERVATION – Survey originated objective evidence that a control feature of the approved
quality programs is not being implemented with complete reliability but which does not
constitute a finding. An observation may also include a surveyable/auditable element which is
not contrary to documented requirements, but warrants further qualification or improvement.
(Spec Q1)
OCEAN DISPOSAL – The deposition of waste into an ocean or estuarine body of water. (Bul
D11)
OCS STAMP – Symbol applied to SPPE equipment which signifies compliance with all
requirements of the SPPE Standard (API 14A) and ANSI/ASME SPPE-1 (formerly OCS-1).
(RP 14B, Spec 14A)
OCS ORDERS – Rules and regulations promulgated by the Minerals Management Service that
govern oil and gas operations in waters under Federal control. OCS is an abbreviation for Outer
Continental Shelf. (WLOP)
OD (od) – Literally, outside diameter. Often used as an acronym for outside surface. (RP 5A5)
OFF PRODUCTION – Said of a well when it is shut in or temporarily not able to produce
(ITOGP)
OFFSET – Horizontal distance of the platform at any instant from its static, stillwater, still air
equilibrium position. (RP 2T)
OFFSET OF PLATE EDGES – The radial offset of plate edges in the weld seams. (Bul 5T1)
OFFSET WELL – Well drilled near another one. (ITOGP)
OFFSHORE – That geographic area which lies seaward of the coastline. (ITOGP)
OFFSHORE WELL – An offshore well is one which is bottomed at, or produces from, a point
which lies seaward of the coastline. (Bul 12A)
OIL-BASE DRILLING FLUID – A special type drilling fluid where oil is the continuous phase.
(Bul 10C)
OIL-BASE DRILLING FLUID – The term “oil-base drilling fluid” is applied to a special type
drilling fluid where oil is the continues phase and water the dispersed phase. Such fluids contain
blown asphalt and usually 1 to 5 percent water emulsified into the system with caustic soda or
quick lime and an organic acid. Silicate, salt, and phosphate may also be present. Oil-base
drilling fluids are differentiated from invert-emulsion drilling fluids (both water-in-oil
emulsions) by the amounts of water used, method of controlling viscosity and thixotropic
properties, wall-building materials, and fluid loss. (Bul D11)
OIL-BASE MUD – Synonym for oil-base drilling fluid. (Bul 10C)
OIL CONTENT – The amount of oil in any drilling fluid expressed as volume-per cent. (Bul
10C)
OIL CONTENT – The oil content of any drilling fluid is the amount of oil in volume-percent.
(Bul D11)
OIL COUNTRY TUBULAR GOODS – Oil-well casing, tubing and drill pipe. (ITOGP)
OIL-EMULSION WATER (MILK EMULSION) – A drilling fluid in which the oil content is
usually kept between 3 to 7 percent and seldom over 10 percent (it can be considerably higher).
The oil is emulsified into fresh or salt water with a chemical emulsifier. Sometimes CMC, starch,
or gum may be added to the fresh-and-salt-water systems. (Bul D11)
OIL FIELD – See Field. (ITOGP)
OIL AND GAS SEPARATOR – An item of production equipment used to separate the liquid
components of the well stream from the gaseous components. (ITOGP)
OIL IMMERSED EQUIPMENT – Equipment immersed in electrical insulating oil for the
purpose of preventing an ignitable or corrosive gas or vapor from coming in physical contact
with the equipment or for the purpose of reducing arcing of circuit breaking devices. (RP 14F)
OIL OPERATOR (OPERATOR) –An individual or company engaged in the business of finding
and producing oil and gas. (ITOGP)
OIL PATCH – A colloquial expression for an oil field. If one goes to an oil field, then one goes
to the oil patch. (ITOGP)
OIL – PETROLEUM – GAS – A fluid or gas composed of hydrocarbons. (ITOGP)
OIL-RESISTANT – Ability to withstand exposure to oil as defined by ANSI C-33.80 (UL Std.
83), Safety Standard for Thermoplastic Insulated Wires. (RP 14F)
OIL SAND – A sandstone reservoir that yields oil. (ITOGP)
OIL SAVER – A packing arrangement that seals around a wire line to prevent leakage and waste
of gas, oil, or water (as when swabbing or reworking a well). It may be operated mechanically or
hydraulically. (WLOP)
OIL SEALED – See Oil Immersed Equipment. (RP 14F)
OIL SPILL – The accidental discharge of oil into oceans, bays, or inland waterways. Methods of
oil-spill control include chemical dispersion, combustion, mechanical containment, and
absorption. (Bul D11)
OIL STRING – See Production Casing. (ITOGP)
OIL AND WATER SEPARATION FACILITY – A gun barrel, settling tank, water knockout, or
emulsion treater, installed by the lease owner to separate produced oil and water. (SSWID)
OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION DRILLING FLUID – Commonly called “emulsion mud.” Any
conventional or special water-base drilling fluid to which oil has been added. The oil becomes
the dispersed phase and may be emulsified into the drilling fluid either mechanically or
chemically. (Bul D11)
OIL-WATER INTERFACE – Oil will lie on top of water due to difference in specific gravity.
The bottom level of oil column and top level of water column are at a common level called the
interface. (WT)
OIL WELL – A well completed for the production of crude oil from at least one oil zone or
reservoir. (ITOGP)
ON THE BEAM – A well being pumped by a beam pumping unit. (ITOGP)
ON THE LINE – Said of a tank when it is being emptied into a pipeline. (ITOGP)
ON THE PUMP – A well that is not capable of flowing and is produced by means of a pump.
(ITOGP)
ONE-EYED BIT – Bit with only one jet nozzle open and used in jet deflection. (Bul D20)
ONE-PIECE SUCKER ROD – A rod whose body and pin or box ends are an integral unit. The
ends may be formed by forging the ends of a one-piece body stock or by welding or fusing end
pieces on the body. (Spec 11B)
OOC – Offshore Operators Committee
OPEN AREA, OR PERCENT OPEN AREA – Ratio of the area of the apertures to the total area
of the screening surface. (Bul 13C)
OPEN FLOW – Maximum delivery rate at the surface for a gas well with a back pressure at the
sand face of 1 atmosphere plus tubing friction plus weight of a column of gas from surface to
formation. This differs from Absolute Open Flow, with the latter being a calculated value which
assumes the back pressure at the sand face is equal to 0 psia and neglects friction and weight of
gas column. (WT)
OPEN HOLE – Wellbore in which casing has not been set. (Bul D20)
OPEN HOLE – Uncased portion of a well. (ITOGP)
OPEN HOLE – Uncased part of the wellbore. (RP 54)
OPEN-HOLE SURVEY – A survey made in the uncased section of the borehole and not within
the drill string. (Bul D20)
OPEN LEAD – An essentially linear, wet opening in the sea ice of navigable width, not
thermally induced. A small, wet opening will be considered a crack. (Bul 2N)
OPEN-TYPE PLATFORM – A platform that has sufficient natural ventilation to minimize the
accumulation of vapors. (RP 14G)
OPEN WATER-TREATING SYSTEM – A system of treating water in which the water comes
in contact with air. (SSWID)
OPENING RATIO – The ratio of well pressure to the pressure required to open the blowout
preventer. (RP 53)
OPERATING MANUAL – The publication issued by the manufacturer which contains detailed
data and instructions related to the design, installation, operation, and maintenance of SSV/USV
equipment. (RP 14H, Spec 14D)
OPERATING MANUAL – The publication issued by the manufacturer which contains detailed
data and instructions related to the design, installation, operation and maintenance of SSSV
equipment. (RP 14B, Spec 14A)
OPERATING PRESSURE – The gas injection pressure available to maintain the desired rate of
fluid production in a gas lift well under settled continuous or intermittent operation. (GL)
OPERATING PRESSURE – The operating pressure is the pressure in the vessel during normal
operation. The operating pressure shall not exceed the MAWP, and is usually kept at a suitable
level below the setting of the pressure relieving devices to prevent their frequent opening. (Spec
12J)
OPERATING PRESSURE – The pressure at which a line or system is operated at any given
time. (SSWID)
OPERATING PRESSURE – The pressure at which a flow line or system is operated at any
given time. May also be used as wellhead flowing pressure. (WLOP)
OPERATOR – The person, firm, corporation or other organization employed by the owners to
conduct operations. (RP 2A)
OPERATOR – The person, firm, corporation, or other organization employed by the owner to
oversee the construction and/or operation of the facility. (RP 2X)
OPERATOR – The person present throughout the inspection or testing process who is
responsible for the unit, operates the controls, observes the readout to detect imperfections, and
classifies the pipe. (RP 5A5)
OPERATOR – Lease owner or his designated agent who is responsible for the overall operation
of the lease. (RP 54)
OPERATOR – The user of an SSV/USV who chooses to comply with this standard. (RP 14H,
Spec 14D)
OPERATOR – The user of SSSV equipment who chooses to comply with this API
Recommended Practice. (RP 14B, Spec 14A)
OPERATORS STATION – The designated location for the operator for operating the machine.
(Spec 2C)
OPTIMUM WATER – The amount of water used in a cement slurry which gives the slurry the
best properties for its particular application. (Bul 10C)
ORGANIC AMINE INHIBITOR – A chemical consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
which reduces corrosion rates. (COGWE, SSWID)
ORIENTING TECHNIQUES – Techniques used in positioning the tools that change the
inclination and the direction of the wellbore. See Methods of Orientation. (Bul D20)
ORIENTATION – The angular relationship of a surface, plane, defect axis, etc., to a reference
plane or surface. (RP 2X)
ORIFICE METER – An instrument commonly used to measure the flow of fluid (usually gas) in
a pipe. (ITOGP)
ORIFICE METER – Instrument used to measure fluid flow by recording differential pressure
across a restriction placed in the flow stream and the static or actual pressure on the system.
(WT)
ORIFICE PLATE – A plate with centered hole of precise diameter placed as a restriction in a
pipe to determine flow rate by measuring pressure drop across plate. (WT)
ORIFICE WELL TESTER – Device for measuring gas. A precision drilled nipple attached to the
open end of a line with a plate, having a small opening, attached to the end of the nipple, and a
connection to measure gage pressure. Differs form critical flow prover in that orifice well tester
is designed for low pressure and low volume testing. (WT)
ORIGINAL EFFECTIVE PERMEABILITY (k0) – The original effective permeability of a
Berea sandstone core target is the effective permeability to kerosine of a 3-9/16 inc. diameter by
12-, 15-, 18-, 21-, 24-, or 27 in. length core cut in such a way that the bedding planes are parallel
to the axis of the core target and to the direction of fluid flow. (RP 43)
OSAPTM – Offshore Safety and Anti-Pollution Training and Motivation Committee
OSCILLOGRAM – Common term for photograph data displayed on CRT. (RP 2X)
OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a regulatory agency under the U.S.
Labor Department.
OTC – Offshore Technology Conference
OUT-OF-LINE WELD BEADS OR OFF SEAM – A condition in which the inner and/or outer
weld beads are sufficiently out of radial alignment with the abutting edges of the joint to cause
incomplete penetration. (Bul 5T1)
OUTPUT HORSEPOWER – The horsepower that is put out by an operating system. (Bul D10)
OUTRIGGERS – Structural extensions of the mast or pole base protruding at approximately 90
degrees from the longitudinal axis of the rig to provide overturn stability. (RP 54)
OVERALL HELICOPTER LENGTH – The overall length of a helicopter is the distance from
the tip of the main rotor blade to the tip of the tail rotor when the rotor blades are aligned along
the longitudinal axis of the helicopter. Similarly, for a tandem rotor helicopter, the overall length
is from the tip of the front main rotor to the tip of the rear main rotor. Herein the overall length is
referred to as “OL”. (RP 2L)
OVERBURDEN – The pressure on a formation due to the weight of the earth material above the
formation. For practical purposes this pressure can be estimated at 1 psi/ft of depth. (RP 53)
OVERFILLS – Longitudinal ridges formed during bar rolling when the bar is too large for the
rolling pass it is entering. (Spec 11B)
OVERFLOW – The discharge stream from a centrifugal separation that contains a higher
percentage of liquids than does the feed. (Bul 13C)
OVERFLOW HEADER (See Related Term: Overflow Manifold) – A pipe, tube, or conduit into
which two or more devices discharge their overflow. (Bul 13C)
OVERFLOW MANIFOLD – An arrangement by which the overflow from one or more solids
separation devices, or from one or more overflow headers can be diverted to various directions.
(Bul 13C)
OVERFLOW OPENING – The actual opening through which the overflow leaves the
centrifugal separation. (Bul 13C)
OVERHAUL – Ability of a weight on end of hoist line to unwind rope from drum when brake is
released. (Spec 2C)
OVERHAUL BALL – The weight on a single part line used to pull the wire rope off the drum
line with gravitational assistance. (Spec 2C)
OVERLOAD – To feed separable solids to a separating device at a rate greater than its solids
discharge capacity. (Bul 13C)
OVERPRESSURE – Pressure in a process component in excess of the maximum allowable
working pressure (for pipelines, maximum allowable operating pressure). (RP 14C)
OVERPRODUCED – Said of a well that has produced more than its allowable. (ITOGP)
OVERSHOT – A fishing tool attached to a wireline tool string, tubing, rods, or drill pipe that is
lowered over the outside of a “fish” lost or stuck in the wellbore. A friction device in the
overshot, usually a basket or a spiral grapple, firmly grips the fish allowing it to be pulled from
the hole. (WLOP)
OVERSIZE – Material having particle size larger, at least in one dimension, than a specified
aperture. (Bul 13C)
OVERSWING – Term denoted to excessive walk of the bit; walk of the bit greater than
expected. (Bul D20)
OWNER – A word used throughout this Recommended Practice used to designate the company
or person who specifies the type of inspection or testing to be conducted, and has the authority to
order it performed. (RP 5A5)
OXIDATION – A chemical change or reaction in which oxygen unites or combines with other
elements or substances. Organic matter may be oxidized or broken down by the action of aerobic
bacteria as in certain waste-water treatment procedures. (Bul D11)
OXIDATION – (1) Chemical combining with oxygen to form an oxide. (2) Electro-chemically,
as the loss of electrons at the anode of a corrosion cell. (COGWE, SSWID)
-PP
- The phenolphthalein alkalinity of the filtrate, reported as the number of milliliters of 0.02
Normal (N/50) acid required per milliliter of filtrate to reach the phenolphthalein end point. (Bul
D11)
P – The phenolphthalein alkalinity of the drilling fluid reported as the number of milliliters of
0.02 Normal (N/50) acid required per milliliter of drilling fluid. (Bul D11)
P&A – The abbreviation for plugged and abandoned. See Plug and Abandon. (ITOGP)
PACK ICE – Any sea ice other than fast ice. (Bul 2N)
PACK OFF – To place a packer in the wellbore and activate it such that it forms a seal between
the tubing and casing. (WLOP)
PACKED ASSEMBLY – Refer to “Packed Bottom-hole Assembly.” (Bul D20)
PACKED BOTTOM-HOLE ASSEMBLY – A configuration of tools with a certain degree of
rigidity and wallbearing surfaces. (Bul D20)
PACKED HOLE – A wellbore with a packed bottom-hole assembly. (Bul D20)
PACKER – An expandable plug-like device for sealing off the annular space between the well’s
tubing and the casing. (ITOGP)
PACKER – Downhole equipment consisting essentially of a sealing device, a holding or setting
device, and an inside passage for fluids. It is used to block the flow of fluids through the annular
space between the tubing and the wall of the wellbore (or between tubing and casing) by sealing
off the space between them. (WLOP)
PACKER FLUID – Any fluid placed in the annulus between the tubing and casing above a
packer. Along with other functions, the hydrostatic pressure of the packer fluid is utilized to
reduce the pressure differentials between the formation and the inside of the casing and across
the packer itself. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
PACKER TEST – Application of hydraulic pressure either through the tubing or annulus to
assure that the packer is properly set and sealed. (RP 57)
PACKING – A material used in the stuffing box of a valve or between flange joints to maintain a
leakproof seal. (WLOP)
PACKING GLAND – The metal part that compresses and holds the packing in place in a
stuffing box. (WLOP)
PACKOFF OR STRIPPER – A device with an elastomer packing element that depends on
pressure below the packing to effect a seal in the annulus. Used primarily to run or pull pipe
under low or moderate pressures. This device is not dependable for service under high
differential pressures. (RP 53)
PANEL – See Stiffened Panel. (Bul 2V)
PANEL STRESSES – Stresses on stiffened panels resulting from local applied pressures or
transverse loads. (Bul 2V)
PAR RATE – A rate developed solely for the evaluation of incidence rates determined by taking
the sum of a reporter’s prior rates and the industry prior rates, and dividing by two. (Bul T5)
PARAFFIN – Heavier paraffin-base hydrocarbons often form a waxlike substance called
paraffin. Paraffin may accumulate on the walls of tubing, flow lines and other production
equipment, thus restricting the flow of well fluids to the extent that it must be removed. See Hot-
Oil Treatment. (ITOGP)
PARAFFIN – A hydrocarbon having the formula Cn H38 + 2 (e.g., methane, CH4; etc.). Heavier
paraffin hydrocarbons (i.e. those of C13 H38 and heavier) form a waxlike substance that is called
paraffin. These heavier paraffins often accumulate on the walls of tubing and other production
equipment, restricting or stopping the flow of oil. (WLOP)
PARAFFIN INHIBITOR – A chemical that, when injected into the production string prevents or
minimizes paraffin deposition. (WLOP)
PARAFFIN SCRAPER – Any tool used t remove paraffin from inside tubular goods. (WLOP)
PARALLEL FLOW – See Laminar Flow. (Bul D11)
PART – Individual pieces used in the assembly of single equipment units (e.g., body, bonnet,
gate, stud, handwheel, etc., are parts of a valve). Also may be a piece in raw material form.
(Spec 6A)
PART – An individual piece used in the assembly of a single equipment unit. (Spec 16A)
PARTS PER MILLION – See PPM. (Bul D11)
PARTICLE – A minute unit of matter, usually a single crystal, or of regular shape with a specific
gravity approximating that of a single crystal. (Bul D11)
PARTICLE CUT – See Preferred Term: Cut. (Bul 12C)
PARTICLE SIZE – (See Related Term: Equivalent Spherical Diameter). Particle diameter
expressed in microns. (Bul 12C)
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION – The fraction or percentage of particles of various sizes, or
size ranges. (Bul 13C)
PARTICLE SURFACE AREA – (See Related Terms: Free Liquid Film and Adsorbed Liquid).
Referring to the combined area of the surfaces of solids particles in some particular grouping.
(Bul 13C)
PARTICULATES – Finely divided solid or liquid particles in the air or in an emission.
Particulates include dust, smoke, fumes, mist, spray, and fog. (Bul D11)
PAWL (DOG) – A device for positively holding a member against motion in one or more
directions. (Spec 2C)
PAY OUT – The recovery from production of the costs of drilling, completing, and equipping a
well. (ITOGP)
PAY SAND – The producing formation, or that formation which represents the objective
drilling. Also referred to as PAY. (ITOGP)
PAY ZONE OR PAY FORMATION – The formation drilled into that contains oil and/or gas in
commercial quantities. (Bul D11)
PAYLOAD – See Load-Working. (Spec 2C)
PE – Polyethylene.
PEARLITIC – Alternate parallel platelets of iron and a microstructural arrangement having iron
carbide in one grain. May also refer to a steel with a preponderance of such carbine
arrangements. (COGWE, SSWID)
PEDESTAL (ALSO KNOWN AS BASE) – The supporting substructure upon which the
revolving upperstructure is mounted. (Spec 2C)
PENDANT – (ALSO KNOWN AS GUY ROPE) – A non-operating standing rope of specified
length with fixed end connections. (Spec 2C)
PENDULUM EFFECT – Refers to the pull of gravity on a body; tendency as a pendulum to
return to a vertical position. (Bul D20)
PENDULUM FORCE – The force of gravity on a body as on a pendulum. (Bul D20)
PENDULUM HOOKUP – A bit and drill collars with a stabilizer placed to attain the maximum
pendulum effect. (Bul D20)
PENETRAMETER – See Magnetic Field Indicator. (RP 5A5)
PENETRATION – The maximum depth in a material from which indications can be measured.
(RP 2X)
PENETRATION, RATE OF – The rate in feet per hour at which the drill proceeds to deepen the
well bore. (Bul D11)
PENETRATION (ULTRASONICS) – Propagation of ultrasonic energy through an article. See
Effective Penetration. (RP 2X)
PENETRATOR – A localized spot of incomplete fusion. (Bul 5T1)
PEPTIZATION – An increased dispersion due to the addition of electrolytes or other chemical
substances. See Deflocculation and Dispersion. (Bul D11)
PEPTIZED CLAY – A clay to which an agent has been added to increase its initial yield. For
example, soda ash is frequently added to calcium montmorillonite clay. (Bul D11)
PER CENT ADDITIVE – The parts of additive per 100 parts of cement either by volume or by
weight. Per cent usually refers to per cent by weight. If per cent by volume is meant, it should be
so stated. (Bul 10C)
PER CENT WATER – The water content of a cement slurry expressed as parts of water per 100
parts of dry cement by weight. Per cent usually refers to per cent by weight. If per cent by
volume is meant, it should be so stated. (Bul 10C)
PERCENT – For weight-percent, see PPM. Volume-percent is the number of volumetric parts of
any liquid or solid constituent per 100 like volumetric parts of the whole. Volume-percent is the
most common method of reporting solids, oil, and water contents of drilling fluids. (Bul D11)
PERCOLATION – Downward flow of infiltration of water through the pores or spaces of a rock
or soil. (Bul D11)
PERFECT RECORD – An occupational injury and illness record which has continued without
the occurrence of a case involving days away from work or death. (Bul T5)
PERFECT THREAD LENGTH – A design length from the end of pipe or coupling to a specified
location. For buttress thread this is an L7 . Some threads may have unfinished crests. (RP 5B1)
PERFORATED CYLINDER CENTRIFUGE – A mechanical centrifugal separator in which the
rotating element is a perforated cylinder (the rotor) inside of and concentric with an outer
stationary cylindrical case. (Bul 13C)
PERFORATED EFFECTIVE PERMEABILITY, kp- The perforated effective permeability of a
Berea sandstone core target is the effective permeability to kerosine of the core target after it has
been perforated at the outflow end by a bullet or shaped charge, based on the original cross
section and length of the core target. (RP 43)
PERFORATED-PAID STABILIZER (Perforated-sleeve Stabilizer) – Stabilizer with a built-on
perforated pad to extend the outer diameter. (Bul D20)
PERFORATED ROTOR – The rotating inner cylinder of the perforated cylinder centrifuge. (Bul
13C)
PERFORATING – The act of making holes in pipe, cement, or formulation at desired depths
(usually formed with an explosive device utilizing bullets or shaped charges). (RP 54)
PERMAFROST – Soil with partially or completely frozen pore water. (Permafrost is sometimes
defined as soil at a temperature below 0oC. Permafrost will be used only to indicate ice bonded
soil. (Bul 2N)
PERMANENT MAGNET – A magnet or body which retains a strong residual magnetic field.
(RP 5A5
PERMEABILITY – A measure of the capacity of a porous medium to transmit fluids or gases.
The unit of measure is normally millidarcy, mD (um2 ). (Bul 10C)
PERMEABILITY – Normal permeability is a measure of ability of a rock to transmit a onephase
fluid under conditions of laminar flow. Unit of permeability is the Darcy. (Bul D11)
PERMEABILITY – The capacity of a porous medium to conduct or transmit fluids. Normal
permeability is a measure of ability of a rock to transmit a one-phase fluid under conditions of
laminar flow. Unit of permeability is the Darcy. (Bul D11)
PERMEABILITY – 1. The ease with which a material can become magnetized. 2. The ratio of
flux density produced to magnetizing force, i.e., B/H. (RP 5A5)
PERMEABILITY – The property of a porous medium which is a measure of the capacity of the
medium to transmit fluids within its interconnected pore network. Usual unit of measurement is
the darcy or millidarcy (0.001 darcy). (SSWID)
PERMEABILITY – A measure of ability of a rock to transmit fluids. By definition, a rock has
permeability of 1 darcy if it permits flow of 1 cubic centimeter per second of single phase fluid
having viscosity of 1 centipoise under pressure gradient of 1 atmosphere per centimeter. Practical
unit of measure is millidarcy, or .001 darcy. (WT)
PERMEABILITY (OF A RESERVOIR ROCK) – The ability of a rock to transmit fluid through
the pore spaces – A key influence in the rate of flow, movement and drainage of the fluid. There
is no necessary relation between porosity and permeability. A rock may be highly porous and yet
impermeable if there is no communication between pores. A highly porous sand is usually highly
permeable. See Effective Permeability. (ITOGP)
PERSONNEL LANDING – A landing near the water level used primarily for transfer of
personnel to and from boats and barges. (RP 2G)
PERSONNEL MONITORING EQUIPMENT – Devices designed to be worn or carried by an
individual for the purpose of measuring the radiation dose received (e.g., film badges, pocket
dosimeters, film rings, etc.) (RP 5A5)
PERSONNEL & UTILITY AREA – That area which contains living quarters and other
personnel service equipment. (RP 2G)
PETROLEUM – Oil or gas obtained from the rocks of the earth by drilling down into a reservoir
rock and piping them to the surface. See Hydrocarbon. (ITOGP)
PETROLEUM ROCK – Sandstone, limestone, dolomite, fractured shale, and other porous rock
formations where accumulations of oil and gas may be found. (ITOGP)
Pf – The phenolphthalein alkalinity of the filtrate, reported as the number of milliliters of 0.02
Normal (N/50) acid required per milliliter of filtrate to reach the phenolphthalein end point. (Bul
10C)
pH – The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. (Bul 10C)
pH – An abbreviation for potential hydrogen ion. The pH numbers range form 0 to 14, 7 being
neutral, and are indices of the acidity (below 7) or alkalinity (above 7) of the fluid. The numbers
are a function of the hydrogen ion concentration in gram ionic weights per liter which, in turn, is
a function of the dissociation of water as given by the following expression:
(H) (OH) = K H2O ) = 1 x 10-14
(H2O)
The pH may be expressed as the logarithm (base 10 of the reciprocal (or the negative logarithm)
of the hydrogen ion concentration. The pH of a solution offers valuable information as to the
immediate acidity or alkalinity, as contrasted to the total acidity or alkalinity (which may be
titrated.) (Bul D11)
pH – A symbol which signifies the concentration of hydrogen ion. The lower the pH (more
acidic), the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions. The higher the pH (more basic), the lower
the concentration of hydrogen ion. (COGWE)
pH – A symbol which signifies the concentration of hydrogen ion. The lower the pH (more
acidic), the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions. The higher the pH (more basic), the lower
the concentration of hydrogen ions. Dimensionally, the logarithm of the reciprocal of the
hydrogen ion concentration. (SSWID)
pH (pH VALUE) – A unit to measure the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance. A neutral
solution (as pure water has a pH of 7; acid solutions are less than 7; basic, or alkaline, solutions
are above 7. (WLOP)
PHANTOM THREAD – A circumferential tool mark on a round thread chamfer that precedes
the actual starting thread. Usually referred to as a false starting thread. (RP 5A5)
PHENOLS – A group of aromatic organic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl functions
similar in structure to phenol (C6H5OH). Such compounds may produce a taste and odor problem
in water at very low concentrations. In higher concentrations, they are toxic to aquatic life. (Bul
D11)
PHOSPHATE – Certain complex phosphates, usually sodium tetraphosphate (Na6P4O13) and
sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP, Na2H2P2O7), are used either as drilling fluid thinners or for
treatment of various forms of calcium and magnesium contamination. (Bul D11)
PI (PRODUCTIVITY INDEX) – The ration of fluid production rate, in barrels per day, to the
difference between static and flowing bottom hole pressure in pounds per square inch. (GL)
PICTURE – A survey chart or film in which a survey recording has been made. (Bul D20)
PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT – The characteristic of certain materials to generate electrical
charges when subjected to mechanical vibrations and conversely to generate mechanical
vibrations when subjected to electrical pulses. (RP 2X)
PIG- A device inserted in a pipeline for the purpose of sweeping the line clean of water rust, or
other foreign matter. Also known as GO-DEVIL. (ITOGP)
PIG A LINE – T run or put a PIG or SCRAPER through a pipeline (ITOGP)
PIG IRON – Any piece of oilfield equipment made of iron or steel. (ITOGP)
PILE- A long cylindrical tubular member, usually driven through the leg of an offshore platform,
that carries vertical loads and resists lateral forces. (Spec 2B)
PILE-SUPPORTED STRUCTURE – A structure deriving its support from the piles inserted into
the seabed. (Bul 2N)
PILOT BIT – Bit with a smaller diameter than the hole finally to be drilled. Used on deflecting
tools, such as the whipstock and knuckle joint. Also used with hole openers which follow and
enlarge the original hole. (Bul D20)
PILOT TESTING – A method of predicting behavior of drilling fluid systems by mixing small
quantities of drilling fluid and additives, then testing the results. (Bul D11)
PINCH A VALVE – Closing a valve part way to reduce the flow of liquid or gas through a line.
(ITOGP)
PIN END – The threaded end of a pipe without a coupling applied. (RP 5A5, RP 5B1)
PINHOLE – A short unwelded area in the weld line extending through the entire pipe thickness
so that fluid will leak out through the area very slowly. (Bul 5T1)
PIPE – A long tube or hollow body of wood, metal, earthenware, or the like, as to conduct water,
oil, steam, etc.
(A) Conductor Pipe – A short sting of casing of large diameter. Its function is to keep the top
of the wellbore open and to provide a means of conveying the upflowing drilling fluid
from the wellbore to the slush pit.
(B) Surface Pipe – The second string of casing run in the well which may be set from a few
hundred feet to a depth of a few thousand feet. Its primary purpose is to seal off fresh
water aquifers and to help support subsequent casing strings and wellhead equipment.
(Bul 10C)
PIPE – In this document, includes oil field casing, tubing and plain-end drill pipe. (RP 5A5)
PIPE – Refers to casing, liners, pup joints, connectors, work tubing, and drill pipe, either
individually or collectively, as applicable. (Spec 5A)
PIPE COEFFICIENT – A factor used in the Hazen-Williams flow formula to correct for
roughness of the inside surface of the pipe. (SSWID)
PIPE LEAN – The angle between the vertical and a typical stand of pipe with the setback.
(Spec 4F)
PIPE RACKING BOARD GUYLINES (TUBING BOARD GUYLINES) – Lines which run
from racking board to ground anchors or special substructure or base which provide a
substitute for ground anchors. (RP 54)
PIPE RAMS – Rams whose ends are contoured to seal around pipe to close the annular
space. Unless special rams accommodating various pipe sizes are used, separate rams are
necessary for each size (outside diameter) pipe in use. (RP 53)
PIPE TAPPING (HOT TAPPING) – The act of drilling a hole through the wall of pipe which
is under pressure. A special saddle is used to attach a valve and lubricator to the pipe. The
saddle and valve remain on the pipe after the tapping operation is completed. (RP 54)
PIPE WIND-UP ANGLE – The twist in the drill stem due to reactive torque (refer to “Angle
of Twist”). (Bul D20)
PIPELINE – Piping which directs fluids between platforms or between a platform and a
shore facility. (RP 14C)
PIPELINE GAS – Gas which meets gas pipeline purchaser specification. (ITOGP)
PIPELINE OIL – Clean oil. Crude oil whose BS&W content is low enough to make the oil
acceptable for transport or pipeline shipment. (ITOGP)
PIPELINE PIG – A scraping tool forced through a flow line or pipeline to clean the line or
test for obstruction. (SSWID)
PIT – A depression resulting from the removal of foreign material rolled into the surface
during manufacture. (Bul 5T1)
PIT – An emergency tank or shallow pond to hold salt water, etc., prior to disposal. (GL)
PIT – A depression or cavity that may be caused by corrosion or removal of roll-in or
extraneous material. (RP 5A5)
PIT VOLUME INDICATOR – A device installed in the drilling fluid tank to register the
fluid level in the tank. (RP 53)
PIT VOLUME TOTALIZER – A device that combines all of the individual pit volume
indicators (refer to Par. 12.42) and registers the total drilling fluid volume in the various
tanks. (RP 53)
PITCH – Platform rotation about the plant east-west horizontal axis. (RP 2T)
PITCH – A distance from a point on a thread to a corresponding point on the next thread,
measured parallel to the axis. (RP 5A5, RP 5B1)
PITCH-CATCH – (See Two Crystal.) One transmits; the other receives. (RP 2X)
PITCH CONE – An imaginary cone which passes through the thread profile at
approximately the thread center. (RP 5B1)
PITCH DIAMETER – The diameter of the pitch cone or the distance between the pitch line
of the thread. (RP 5A5, RP 5B1)
PITCH DIAMETER – Root diameter of drum, lagging or sheave, plus the diameter of the
rope. (Spec 2C)
PITCH LINE – An imaginary line drawn approximately through the center of the thread
making the widths of the thread tooth and gap equal at the pitch line. (RP 5B1)
PILOT TUBE – An impact tube, usually a piece of tubing bent 90 degrees and inserted in
line with open end facing into flow stream. A flow measurement device. (WT)
PITTED THREADS – A depression or cavity on a chamfer or thread surface caused by
inclusions or porosity exposed after machining or by corrosive attack during storage of the
pipe. (Bul 5T1)
PLAIN END – Pipe end without threads or tool joint. (RP 5A5)
PLANE OF CLOSURE – Vertical plane that contains both the surface location of the
wellbore and the last station of the survey. (Bul D20)
PLASTIC FLOW – See Plastic Fluid. (Bul D11)
PLASTIC FLUID – A complex, non-Newtonian fluid in which the shear force is not
proportional to the shear rate. A definite pressure is required to start and maintain movement
of the fluid. Plug flow is the initial type of flow and only occurs in plastic fluids. Most
drilling fluids are plastic fluids. The yield point as determined by direct-indicating
viscometer is in excess of zero. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
PLASTIC VISCOSITY – A measure of the internal resistance to fluid flow attributable to the
amount, type, and size of solids present in a given fluid. It is expressed as the number of
dynes per sq cm of tangential shearing force in excess of the Bingham yield value that will
induce a unit rate of shear. This value, expressed in centipoises, is proportional to the slope
of the consistency curve determined in the region of laminar flow for materials obeying
Bingham’s Law of Plastic Flow. When using the direct-indicating viscometer, the plastic
viscosity is found by subtracting the 300 rpm reading from the 6000 rpm reading. (Bul 10C,
Bul D11)
PLASTICITY – The property of a substance to be deformed by pressure without being
ruptured. (Bul 10C)
PLASTICITY – The property possessed by some solids, particularly clays and clay slurries,
of changing shape or flowing under applied stress without developing shear planes or
fractures. Such bodies have yield points, and stress must be applied before movement begins.
Beyond the yield point, the rate of movement is proportional to the stress applied, but ceases
when the stress is removed. See Fluid. (Bull D11)
PLASTICS – Large group of organic, synthetic or processed materials used for coating; or
that are molded, cast, or extruded and used for making structural items.
Acetate Butyrate – Produced by reacting cellulose with acetic and butyric anhydride.
Epoxy – Produced by reaction between epichlorohydrin and biphenol H to A.
Phenolic – Produced by reacting formaldehyde and phenol.
Polyester – Produced from polybasic alcohols and polybasic acids.
Polyethylene – Composed of polymers of ethylene.
Polyurethane – Produced from propionadlehyde, trimethylolpropane, propionic acid, and
ammonia.
Syrenes – Polystyrene is produced by polymerizing styrene. A butadiene-styrene copolymer
is formed by reacting butadiene and styrene.
Vinyl – Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is produced by the addition-type polymerization of vinyl
chloride. (COGWE, SSWID)
PLATE – This term refers to a flat thin rectangular plate. (Bul 2V)
PLATE STRESSES – Stresses on a thin rectangular plate. (Bul 2V)
PLATFORM PIPING – A general term referring to any piping, on a platform, intended to
contain or transport fluid. (RP 14E)
PLATFORM SAFETY SYSTEM – An arrangement of safety devices and Emergency
Support Systems to effect platform shutdown. The system may consist of a number of
individual process shutdowns and may be actuated by either manual controls or automatic
devices sensing detectable abnormal conditions. (RP 14C)
PLATFORM SHUTDOWN – The shutting in of all process stations of a platform production
process and all support equipment for the process. (RP 14C)
PLUG AND ABANDON (PLUGGED AND ABANDONED) – Expressions, often
abbreviated “P&A,” referring to the act of placing plugs in a depleted well or DRY HOLE,
then abandoning it. See Abandon. (ITOGP)
PLUG AND ABANDON (P & A) – To place a cement plug or plugs in a dry hole or
uneconomic producing well to abandon it. (WLOP)
PLUG BACK – To shut off a lower formation in a well bore. (Bul 10C, ITOGP)
PLUG BACK – To fill part of the wellbore with cement, sometimes used for side-tracking.
(Bul D20)
PLUG BACK – To place cement or other material at or near the bottom of a well to exclude
bottom water or to perform another operation such as side tracking or producing form
another depth. It may also be used to denote the setting of a mechanical plug by wire line,
tubing, or drill pipe. (WLOP)
PLUG FLOW – The movement of a material as a unit without shearing within the mass. Plug
flow is the first type of flow exhibited by a plastic fluid after overcoming the initial force
required to produce flow. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
PLUG VALVE – A valve whose mechanism consists of a plug with a hole through it on the
same axis as the direction of fluid flow. Turning the plug 90o opens or closes the valve. The
valve may or may not be full-opening. (RP 53)
PLUG SCORES – Internal longitudinal grooves occurring in seamless pipe, usually caused
by hard pieces of metal adhering to the high-mill plug. (Bul 5T1)
PLUGGING (SCREEN SURFACE) – (See Related Term: Blinding) The wedging or
jamming of openings in a screening surface by particles, preventing passage of undersize
material. (Bul 13C)
PLUGGING MATERIAL – A material used to block off zones while treating or working on
other portions of wells. Blocking may be temporary or permanent. (Bul 10C)
PLUMB-BOB EFFECT – The pendulum action, due to the force of gravity, pulling the drill
stem to a vertical position. (Bul D20)
PLUNGER LIFT – A method of lifting oil using a swab or free piston propelled by
compressed gas from the lower end of the tubing string to the surface. (ITOGP)
PNEUMATIC POWER SYSTEM – A system which supplies pressure to operate pneumatic
actuators. (RP 14C)
POCKET – The gas lift valve receiver inside a wireline (retrievable) mandrel. (GL)
POISE – The metric unit for measurement of viscosity. (Bul 10C)
POLAR ORGANIC – A compound of carbon which will adsorb on a solid surface.
(COGWE, SSWID)
POLARIZE – Retard an electrochemical corrosion reaction by deposition of a corrosion
product. (COGWE, SSWID)
POLE – The area on a magnetized part from which the magnetic field is leaving or returning
into the pipe, i.e., substantially perpendicular to the pipe surface. (RP 5A5)
POLE MAST – Structure consisting of one or more tubular sections, telescoping or not
telescoping, which are the load-bearing members. The structure, when erected to working
position, usually requires guylines. It may be attached to a carrier, skid base, or substructure.
It is used in place of a derrick. (RP 54)
POLE PIECE – The ferromagnetic portion of a magnetic circuit attached to the core used to
shape and direct the magnetic field through the air gaps into the wall of the pipe being
inspected. (RP 5A5)
POLLUTANT – Any introduced gas, liquid, or solid that makes a resource unfit for a
specific purpose. (Bul D11)
POLLUTION – The prescnce of matter or energy whose nature, location, or quantity
produces undesired environmental effects. (Bul D11)
POLY – Having several atoms, groups or molecules; prefix signifying many. (SSWID)
POLY ELECTROLYSIS – Passage of electric currents through a solution with resultant
migration of ions to positive and negative electrodes, or the decomposition of a chemical
compound brought about by the passage of electrical currents through the compound.
(SSWID)
POLYMER – A substance formed by the union of two or more molecules linked end to end
into another compound having the same elements in the same proportion but a higher
molecular weight and different physical properties. (Bul 10C)
POLYMER – A substance formed by the union of two or more molecules linked end to end
into another compound having the same elements in the same proportion but a higher
molecular weight and different physical properties, e.g., paraformaldehyde. See Copolymer.
(Bul D11)
POLYMER – A compound formed by linking of a molecule with itself to form a very long
molecule. (COGWE)
POLYMER – Thickening agent used to increase viscosity of water. A substance formed by
the union of two or more molecules of the same kind linked end to end into another
compound having the same elements in the same proportion but a higher molecular weight
and different physical properties. (SSWID)
POLYNYA – An areal opening in sea ice, ultimately refreezing to a thickness less than the
normal ice sheet growth. (Bul 2N)
POLYPHOSPHATE – A phosphate compound used for water stabilization and corrosion
inhibition. (COGWE, SSWID)
POND – See Preferred Terms: Pool. (Bul 13C)
PONTOONS – Horizontal, cylindrical or rectangular buoyancy members of the hull structure
which interconnect with columns to form a frame below the waterline. (RP 2T)
PONY ROD – A sucker rod made in short lengths of 2 ft to 8 ft. (ITOGP)
POOL – The reservoir of fluid formed in a decanting centrifuge in which classification or
separation occurs due to application of centrifugal force to accelerate solids settling rates.
(Bul 13C)
POP-OFF VALVE (POP VALVE) – See Pressure-Relief Valve. (ITOGP)
POROSITY – Property that indicates the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of
an ice feature. Voids can consist of air, snow, or water. (Bul 2N)
POROSITY – Voids in a metal, usually resulting from shrinkage or gas entrapment occurring
during solidification of a casting or weldment. (Bul 5T1)
POROSITY – The amount of void space in a formation rock, usually expressed as percent
voids per bulk volume. Absolute porosity refers to the total amount of pore space in a rock,
regardless of whether or not that space is accessible to fluid penetration. Effective porosity
refers to the amount of connected pore spaces, i.e., the space available to fluid penetration.
See Permeability. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
POROSITY (OF A RESERVOIR ROCK) – The percentage that the volume of the pore
space bears to the total bulk volume. The pore space determines the amount of space
available for storage of fluids. See Effective Porosity. (ITOGP)
POROSITY – (0) Porosity, (0), is the percentage by volume of pore space within a sample. It
is defined as the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume multiplied by 100. The Berea
sandstone core, after oven drying, is evacuated and saturated fully with salt water. It is
weighted both in the dry state and in the saturated state. The difference in weight divided by
the density of the salt water gives pore volume directly. The bulk volume is calculated using
the physical dimensions of the core. (RP 43)
POROSITY – The percentage by volume of porous space within a formation. Porosity
combined with permeability to permit fluid flow is termed “effective porosity.” (SSWID)
POTABLE MAST – Refer to “Derrick (Mast).” (RP 54)
PORTABLE WELL TESTER – Specialized unit, usually trailer mounted, complete with all
necessary separation equipment and measuring instruments to obtain fluid production
measurement on a well. Unit is connected to a well or battery on a temporary basis, and can
be disconnected for moving to other locations as needed. (WT)
PORTLAND CEMENT CLINKER – Hard granular nodules composed essentially of
hydraulic calcium silicates, with smaller quantities of calcium aluminates and ferrites,
produced by the heat treatment of cement raw materials in a kiln. Clinker is pulverized with
the proper quantity of calcium sulfate in the manufacture of portland cements. (Bul 10C)
PORTS – The openings in a centrifuge for entry or exit of materials. Usually applied in
connection with a descriptive term, i.e., feed ports, overflow ports, etc. (Bul 13C)
POSITIVE CHOKE – Choke with a fixed orifice size. To change the size of the orifice the
choke beam or choke nipple is changed. (WLOP)
POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT METER (PD METER) – A mechanical, fluid-measuring
device that measures by filling and emptying chambers of a specific volume. (ITOGP)
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT METERS – Meters in which rotation causes a positive
displacement of an exact measured volume of fluid with each revolution. (WT)
POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT – Any heat treatment subsequent to welding, including
stress relief. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
POTABLE WATER – Water suitable for drinking or cooking purposes from both health and
aesthetic considerations. (Bul D11)
POTASSIUM – One of the alkali metal elements with a valence of 1 and anatomic weight of
about 39. Potassium compounds, most commonly potassium hydroxide (KOH), are
sometimes added to drilling fluids to import special properties, usually inhibition. (Bul D11)
POTENTIAL – Voltage under standardized conditions. (COGWE, SSWID)
POTENTIAL TEST – A test which indicates the maximum rate at which a well can produce.
(ITOGP)
POTENTIOMETER – Instrument used to measure electrical potentials. (COGWE, SSWID)
POTTING – The encapsulation of electrical components with epoxy, elastomeric, silicone or
asphaltic or similar compounds for the purpose of excluding moisture of vapors. Potted
components are not necessarily hermetically sealed. (RP 14F)
POUND EQUIVALENT – A laboratory unit used in pilot testing. One gram or pound
equivalent to 1 lb/bbl (=2.85 kg/m3). (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
POUR POINT – Temperature above which a liquid will flow freely. (WT)
POWDER DRY – A pipe surface that is sufficiently dry so as to allow any type of powder,
applied to the surface, to be blown from the surface without a remaining residue. (RP 5A5)
POWER CONTROLLED LOWERING – A system or device in the power train, other than
the load hoist brake, which can control the lowering rate of speed of the load hoist
mechanism. (Spec 2C)
POWER OIL – Oil pumped down a tubing string to operate a free pump or jet pump down
hole. (WT)
POWER RATING – Rating given by a manufacturer of an engine operating at its most
efficient output. (ITOGP)
POWER TIGHT – A threaded connection that has been fully made up by mechanical means
using power tongs or a screw-on machine. (RP 5A5, RP 5B1)
POWER TOOLS – Equipment operated hydraulically or by compressed air for making up
and breaking out drill pipe, casing, tubing, rods, nuts, etc. (ITOGP)
POZZOLAN – A siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material, which in itself possesses
little or no cementitious value, but will, in finely divided form and in the presence of
moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form
compounds possessing cemetitous properties. See ASTM C618: Fly Ash and Raw or
Calcined Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland Cement Concrete. (Bul 10C)
POZZOLANIC REACTION – The chemical combination of certain finely divided siliceous
or siliceous and aluminous materials with calcium hydroxide to form compounds which have
cementitious properties. (Bul 10C)
PPM OR PARTS PER MILLION – Units of weight of solute per million unit weights of
solution (solute plus solvent), corresponding to weight-per cent except that the basis is a
million instead of a hundred. (Bul 10C)
PPM OR PARTS PER MILLION – Unit weight of solute per million unit weights of solution
(solute plus solvent), corresponding to weight-percent except that the basis is a million
instead of a hundred. The results of standard API titrations of chloride, hardness, etc., are
correctly expressed in milligrams (mg) of unknown per liter but not in ppm. At low
concentrations, mg/l is about numerically equal to ppm. A correction for the solution specific
gravity or density in g/ml must be made as follows:
ppm = mg/1
soln den, g/ml
% by wt = mg/l
(10,000) (soln den, g/ml)
= ppm
10,000
Thus 316,000 mg/l salt is commonly called 316,000 ppm or 31.6 percent, which correctly
should be 264,000 ppm and 26.4 percent, respectively. (Bul D11)
PRECESSION – Motion about the vertical and/or horizontal axis of a gyro due to imbalance
friction, earth’s rotation, or externally applied forces. (Bul D20)
PRECIPITATE – Material that separates out of solution or slurry as a solid. Precipitation of
solids in a drilling fluid may follow flocculation or coagulation, such as the dispersed red-bed
clays upon addition of a flocculation agent to the fluid. (Bul D11)
PRECIPITATE – An insoluble solid substance produced as a result of a chemical reaction.
(SSWID)
PRELOAD – Load purposely induced in a component to improve its in-service strength,
fatigue life, or sealing capabilities. (RP 2T)
PRESENTATION – The method used to show ultrasonic wave information. This may
include A, B, or C scans displayed on various types of recorders or cathode ray tube
instruments. (RP 2X)
PRESERVATIVE – Usually paraformaldehyde. Any material used top prevent starch or any
other substance from fermenting through bacterial action (Bul D11)
PRESSURE – A force of thrust distributed over a surface divided by the area of the surface
Normally indicated by a gage in pounds per square inch. (WT)
PRESSURE – Force per unit area.
Bottom Hole Circulating Pressure – The pressure at the bottom of a well during circulation of
any fluid. It is equal to the hydrostatic head plus the annular friction loss required to move
the fluid to the surface plus any back pressure held at the surface.
Bottom Hole Static Pressure – The pressure at the bottom of a well after the well is shut-in
long enough to reflect ambient formation pressure.
Circulating Pressure – The pressure at a specified depth required to circulate a fluid in a well
at a given rate.
Final Squeeze Pressure – The pressure at the completion of a squeeze cementing operation.
Final squeeze pressure usually refers to the surface pressure. (Bul 10C)
PRESSURE BASE – The pressure of a gas-phase or liquid-phase system associated with its
stated volume. (RP 44)
PRESSURE CHARGED VALVE – (a gas lift valve which uses a gas charge inside the
responsive element to provide the closing force for the valve.) The gas is usually Nitrogen.
The responsive element is usually a bellows. (GL)
PRESSURE-CONTAINING PARTS – Those parts whose failure to function as intended
would result in a release of retained fluid to the atmosphere, such as bodies, bonnets, and
stems. (Spec 6A)
PRESSURE CONTAINING PART(S) OR MEMBER(S) – Those parts exposed to well bore
fluids whose failure to function as intended would result in a release of wellbore fluid to the
environment, such as bodies, bonnets and stems. (Spec 16A)
PRESSURE CONTAINING PARTS (SSV/USV ACTUATORS) – The piston, cylinder and
stem (shaft) comprise the SSV/ISV actuator pressure containing parts as used in Spec 14D.
(RP 14H, Spec 14D)
PRESSURE CONTAINING PARTS (SSV/USV VALVE) – Body, bonnet, cover, gate
(plug), seats, stem: Bonnet connections and end and outlet connections comprise the
SSV/USV valve pressure containing parts as used in API Spec 14D. (RP 14H, Spec 14D)
PRESSURE-CONTROLLING PARTS – Those parts intended to control or regulate the
movement of pressurized fluids, such as valve bore sealing mechanisms and hangers. (Spec
6A)
PRESSURE CONTROLLING PART(S) OR MEMBER (S) – Those parts intended to control
or regulate the movement of wellbore fluids, e.g., packing elements, rams, replaceable seats
within a pressure containing member or part (s). (Spec 16A)
PRESSURE-DROP LOSS – The pressure lost in a pipeline or annulus due to the velocity of
the liquid in the pipeline, the properties of the fluid, the condition of the pipe wall and the
alignment of the pipe. (Bul 10C)
PRESSURE-DROP LOSS – The pressure lost in a pipeline or annulus due to the velocity of
the liquid in the pipeline, the properties of the fluid, the condition of the pipe wall, and the
alignment of the pipe. In certain drilling fluid mixing systems, the loss of head can be
substantial. (Bul D11)
PRESSURE DRAWDOWN – The reduction in a well’s bottom-hole pressure. See
Drawdown. (ITOGP)
PRESSURE GAGE – An instrument for measuring fluid pressure. (ITOGP)
PRESSURE GAGE – An instrument for measuring fluid pressure. A pressure gage usually
registers the difference between atmospheric pressure and the pressure of the fluid being
measured by indicating effect of such pressure on a measuring element (as a column of
liquid, a bourdon tube, a weighted piston, a diaphragm, or other pressure-sensitive device.
(WLOP)
PRESSURE GRADIENT – See Gradient, Pressure. (ITOGP)
PRESSURE GRADIENT – Uniform change in pressure from one point to another. For
example, the pressure gradient of a column of pure water is about 0.433 psi/ft of vertical
elevation. (WLOP)
PRESSURE GRADIENT, NORMAL – The subsurface pressure proportional to depth, which
is roughly equal to the hydrostatic pressure of a column of salt water (0.465 psi/ft). (RP 53)
PRESSURE MAINTENANCE – Maintaining reservoir pressure by injecting fluid, normally
water or gas, or both. (ITOGP)
PRESSURE MAINTENANCE – The repressuring of oil fields from the beginning of
operation in order to maintain the original pressure. Also, a method for increasing ultimate
oil recovery by injecting gas, water, or other fluids into the reservoir before reservoir
pressure has dropped appreciably, usually early in the life of the field, to reduce or eliminate
a decline in pressure. (SSWID)
PRESSURE OPERATED VALVE – A gas lift valve that utilizes injection gas pressure as its
primary operating medium. (GL)
PRESSURE REGULATOR – A device for maintaining pressure in a line, downstream from
the device. (ITOGP)
PRESSURE-RELIEF VALVE – A valve that opens at a preset pressure to relieve excessive
pressure within a vessel or line; also called a RELIEF VALVE, SAFETY VALVE, OR POP
VALVE (ITOGP)
PRESSURE RETAINING PARTS (S) OR MEMBERS(S) – Those parts not exposed to
wellbore fluids whose failure to function as intended would result in a release of wellbore
fluid to the environment such as closure bolts, claims. (Spec 16A)
PRESSURE SENSOR – A device designed to detect a predetermined pressure. (RP 14E)
PRESSURE SURGE – A sudden, usually short-duration increase in pressure. When pipe or
casing is run into a hole too rapidly, an increase in the hydrostatic pressure results, which
may be great enough to create lost circulation. (Bul D11)
PRESSURE SURVEY – An operation to measure and record the pressures at various depths
in the well bore with the well either producing or shut-in. The pressures may be measured
and recorded by either a self-contained unit run on a solid wireline or a unit run on an electric
wireline with an instantaneous recording at the surface. (GL)
PRESSURE TEST, BLOWOUT PREVENTER – The process of pressure testing internally,
a blowout preventer or blowout preventer assembly. (RP 57)
PRESSURE VESSEL QUALITY – Metallic material whose integrity is such that it can be
used to safely contain pressure without risk of leakage or rupture. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
PRESSURIZED SURGE VESSEL – An unfired pressure vessel used to provide for
fluctuations in liquid flow to pumps. (RP 2G)
PRETENSION – Tension applied to a tendon in its static, zero offset equilibrium position.
(RP 2T)
PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE – Service operations performed on sub-surface safety
valve equipment not initiated as a result of SSSV equipment malfunction or failure. (RP 14B)
PRIMARY CEMENTING – The original cementing operation performed immediately after
casing has been run into the hole. See Casing Cementing. (Bul 10C)
PRIMARY DEFLECTING TOOLS – Historically, the whipstock, knuckle joint, and
spudding bit, and more recently, the jet bit and downhole motor. (Bul D20)
PRIMARY LOAD CARRYING SUBSYSTEM – Structure tying column tops together and
supporting deck levels. This structure may consist of either trusses, box girders, plate girders
or a combination thereof. (RP 2T)
PRIMARY MEANS OF ESCAPE – Fixed stairways or fixed ladders of metal construction.
(RP 14G)
PRIMARY RECOVERY – The amount of oil and/or gas produced from a reservoir by the
reservoir’s natural sources of energy. This includes gas-cap drive, dissolved-gas drive, water
drive, or any combination of these. (ITOGP)
PRIMARY TREATMENT – The first stage in waste-water treatment in which substantially
all floating or settleable solids are mechanically removed by screening and sedimentation.
(Bul D11)
PRIME MOVER – The source of power for a pump or other device, usually gas engines or
electric motors. (SSWID, WLOP)
PRIME MOVER – The electric motor, internal combustion engine or other source of power
for the machinery being operated. (ITOGP)
PRIME PIPE – Pipe meeting all of the specificed inspection and testing requirements (RP
5A5)
PRIOR RATES – Incidence rates for those years preceding current experience. (Bul T5)
PROBE – Transducer or search unit. (RP 2X, RP 5A5)
PROCESS CAPABILITY – The ability of a process or method of NDT to repeatedly detect a
defect under normal conditions of variability. Sometimes related to confidence level. (RP
5A5)
PROCESS COMPONENT – A single functional piece of production equipment and
associated piping, used in a process station such as a separator, heater, pump or tank. (RP
14C, RP 14E)
PROCESS STATION – One or more process components performing a specific process
function, such as separating, heating, pumping, etc. (RP 14C)
PROCESS SHUTDOWN – The isolation of a given process station from the process by
closing appropriate SDVs to shut-in flow to the process station or divert flow to another
process station. (RP 14C)
PROD MAGNETIZATION – Magnetization of the pipe by direct contact, i.e., passing
current through the pipe wall with prods. (RP 5A5)
PRODS – Hand-held electrodes attached to cables to transmit the magnetizing current from
the source to the pipe under inspection. (RP 5A5)
PRODUCED GAS – That portion of reservoir gas recovered with fluid production from a
well. (WT)
PRODUCING PLATFORM – An offshore structure accommodating a number of producing
wells. Also see Well Platform. (ITOGP)
PRODUCTION – The yield of an oil or gas well. Also that branch of the petroleum industry
that has to do with bringing the well fluids to the surface and separating them, and with
storing, gaging, and otherwise preparing the product for the pipeline. (ITOGP)
PRODUCTION AREAS – Those areas where flammable petroleum gas and volatile liquids
are produced, processed, store3ed, transferred, or otherwise handled prior to entering the
transportation facilities. (RP 500B)
PRODUCTION CASING (PRODUCTION STRING) – The last string of casing set in a
well; the casing string set to the top or through the producing formation and inside of which
is usually suspended the tubing string. Also called the OIL STRING or LONG STRING.
(ITOGP)
PRODUCTION CASING – Full length pipe string extending between the wellhead and
elevation at or below pay formation inside of protective or surface casing and cemented in
place to seal off productive zones and water-bearing formations. (RP 54)
PRODUCTION PACKER – A device installed in wells to effect a seal between the tubing
string(s) and casing. (RP 57)
PRODUCTION PLATFORM (PROCESSING PLATFORM) – An offshore structure
providing a central processing and disposition point for fluids produced from wells on
adjacent PRODUCING and WELL PLATFORMS. The treated oil and gas is moved to shore
through submarine pipelines. Produced water is generally disposed of within the field.
(ITOGP)
PRODUCTIVITY INDEX – The rate of liquid production (oil plus water) divided by the
difference between the prevailing reservoir pressure and the flowing pressure at the
formation face, expressed in barrels per day per pound per square inch. (RP 44)
PRODUCTIVITY TEST – A test of a well’s ability to produce under specified conditions.
(ITOGP)
PROFILE – A profile is an internal conduit configuration used to engage tools. (RP 6G)
PROPAGATION – Advancement of a wave through a medium. (RP 2X)
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT STRESS (Fp ) – Stress above which the stress-strain curve is no
longer linear and which represents the onset of plastic behavior. If no specific value for the
steel being used is available Fp can be taken as 0.60 Fy, where Fy is the yield stress. (Bul 2V)
PROPPANT MATERIAL – A granular substance (as sand grains, walnut shells, or other
material carried in suspension by the fracturing fluid) that serves to keep the fracture open
when the fracturing fluid is flowed back after a fracture treatment – propping agent.
(SSWID)
PRORATION – A system of allocating the amount of oil or gas a well or field is allowed to
produce within a given period by a regulatory agency. (ITOGP)
PRORATION LAWS – State regulations defining the allowed volumes of oil or gas or both
that may be produced in a given unit of time for a particular well, unit or lease. (WT)
PROTECTED FIRED VESSEL – Any fired vessel that is provided with equipment (such as
flame arresters, stack temperature shutdowns, forced draft burners with safety controls, and
spark arrestors) designed to eliminate the air intake and exhaust as sources of ignition. (RP
500B)
PROTECTION CASING – A string of casing set to protect a section of the hole and to
permit drilling to continue to a greater depth. Sometimes called “protection string” and
“intermediate string.” (Bul 10C)
PROTECTION CASING – A string of casing set to protect a section of the hole and to
permit drilling to continue to a greater depth. Sometimes called INTERMEDIATE CASING.
(ITOGP)
PROTECTIVE (INTERMEDIATE) CASING – Pipe string installed inside of surface casing
in wells of such depth where drilling fluid cannot be balanced because of simultaneous lost
circulation and high pressure entry of another zone or in regions where abnormal pressure
gradients are encountered. (RP 54)
PROTECTIVE WALL – A barrier designed to withstand or deflect falling or flying objects,
prevent flow of liquids from one area to another or restrain minor explosions. (RP 2G)
PROTOTYPE – An initial manufactured component or unit of a specific design. (Spec 2C)
PROVER – A device used to calibrate meters used in measuring oil. (ITOGP)
PSEUDOPLASTIC FLUID – A complex non-Newtonian fluid that does not possess
thixotropy. A pressure or force in excess of zero will start fluid flow. The apparent viscosity
or consistency decreases instantaneously with increasing rate of shear until at a given point
the viscosity becomes constant. The yield point as determined by direct-indicating
viscometer is positive, the same as in Bingham plastic fluids; however, the true yield point is
zero. (Bul 10C)
PSEUDOPLASTIC FLUID – A complex non-Newtonian fluid that does not possess
thixotropy. A pressure or force in excess of zero will start fluid flow. The apparent viscosity
or consistency decreases instantaneously with increasing rate of shear until at a given point
the viscosity becomes constant. The yield point as determined direct-indicating viscometer is
positive, the same as in Bingham plastic fluids; however, the true yield point is zero. An
example of a pseudoplastic fluid is guar gum in fresh or salt water. (Bul D11)
PSI – Pounds per square inch. (ITOGP)
PSI – Pounds per square inch pressure. (WT)
PSIA – Points per square inch absolute; pressure measurement which takes atmospheric
pressure into consideration. (ITOGP)
PSIA – Pounds per square inch absolute. (See absolute pressure.) (WLOP)
PSIA – Points per square inch absolute is gage pressure plus the base standard atmospheric
pressure at a particular location. (Example: 300 pig + 14.65 psia base = 314.65 psia). (WT)
PSIG – Pounds per square inch gage (as observed on a gage). (ITOGP)
PSIG – Pounds per square inch gage. (See gage pressure). (WLOP)
PSIG – Pounds per square inch pressure obtained from a pressure gage. (WT)
PTB – This term refers to pounds of salt per thousand barrels of crude oil. It is used in
conjunction with BS&W to express the quality of untreated and treated crude oils in relation
to desalting applications of emulsion treaters. (Spec 12L)
PUDDLING – (A) In cement evaluation work, the agitation of cement slurry in molds with a
rod to remove trapped air bubbles. (B) In field practice, the movement by reciprocation or
rotation of the casing during or after the cementing operation. (C) A type of cementing
operation wherein the cement slurry is spotted in open hole through drill pipe or tubing, the
casing is then run in the well and puddle into cement. Sometimes called a puddle job. (Bul
10C)
PULL A WELL – To remove rods or tubing from a well. (ITOGP)
PULLING FLANGE – The flange, or neck, on a pulling tool. (See fishing neck.) (WLOP)
PULLING UNIT (PULLING MACHINE) – A portable, truck-mounted mast equipped with
winch, wirelines, and sheaves, used for pulling rods or well workover. (ITOGP)
PULSE – A short-wave train of mechanical vibrations. (RP 2X)
PULSE – A wave of short duration. (RP 5A5)
PULSE-ECHO METHOD – A single crystal ultrasonic test method that both generates
ultrasonic pulses and receives the return echo. (RP 2X)
PULSE-ECHO METHOD – An ultrasonic test method that both generates ultrasonic pulses
and receives the return echo. (RP 5A5)
PULSE LENGTH – Time duration of the pulse from the search unit. (RP 2X)
PULSE LENGTH (OR PULSE DURATION) – The time between the points at which the
instantaneous value of current exceeds 10% of the maximum pulse current. Measured in
milliseconds. (RP 5A5)
PULSE RATE – For the pulse method number of pulses transmitted in a unit time. (Also
called pulse repetition rate.) (RP 2X)
PULSE TUNING – Control on some instruments used to optimize the response of the search
unit and cable to the transmitter by varying the frequency. (RP 2X)
PULSER – Electronic device and probe for generating a controlled magnitude magnetic
pulse for standardizing transducers. (RP 5A5)
PUMP – A device used to increase the pressure of or move liquids. Types of pumps include:
SUCKER ROD, RECIPROCATING, CENTRIFUGAL, ROTARY, GEAR and JET.
(ITOGP)
PUMP – A rotating or reciprocating machine together with its driver and associated pipe,
valves, pulsation dampners, etc., used to transfer fluids. (RP 2G)
PUMP – A rotating or reciprocating machine together with its driver and associated pipe,
valves, pulsation dampners, etc., used to transfer fluids. (RP 2G)
PUMP INPUT HORSEPOWER – Mechanical horsepower put into the pump. (Bul D10)
PUMP OUTPUT HORSEPOWER – Hydraulic horsepower put out by pump. (Bul D10)
PUMP-THROUGH TUBING PLUG – A plug set inside the tubing string which will not
permit back flow, but will permit pumping through from the top side. (RP 57)
PUMPDOWN – Pumpdown is a term applied to the hydraulic transport and manipulation of
tools. (RP 6G)
PUMPED OFF – Said of a pump when fluid is not entering the pump intake. (ITOGP)
PUMPING – Act of moving fluids by mechanical means, plunger pump, jet pump. In a well,
the act of lifting fluid to surface by mechanical means, i.e., rod pump, hydraulic pump, etc.
(WT)
PUMPING UNIT – Surface equipment assembled for the purpose of mechanically lifting
fluids from a well. (RP 54)
PUP JOINT – A joint of pipe or tubing shorter than standard length. (ITOGP)
PURCHASER – The owner company or the authorized agency that buys the coated pipe. (RP
5L2)
PURCHASER – The person, firm, company, or corporation entering into a contract or
agreement for the purchase of structural steel pipe fabricated under this specification. (Spec
2B)
PURGED ENCLOSURE – An enclosure supplied with clean air or an inert gas at sufficient
flow and positive pressure to reduce to an acceptably safe level the concentration of any
flammable gases or vapors initially present, and to maintain this safe level by positive
pressure with or without continuous flow. (RP 14F)
PUT A WELL ON – To start a well flowing or pumping. (ITOGP)
PUT ON PUMP – To install an artificial lift pumping system to produce a well. (ITOGP)
PVC – Polyvinylchloride.
PVF – Pump Volume Factor.
-OQUADRANT
BEARING – An azimuth angle measured from north or south in the direction
of east or west. (Bul D20)
QUADRATIC METHOD – A method in math modeling considering the wellbore as a curve;
the projections into three vertical plans are quadratic functions. (Bul D20)
QUALIFIED – A person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate or
professional standing or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has
successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject
matter and work. (Spec 2C)
QUALIFIED PART – A part manufactured under an authorized quality assurance program
and, in the case of replacement, produced to meet or exceed the performance of the original
part. (RP 14B, RP 14H, Spec 14A, Spec 14D)
QUALIFIED PERSON – An individual with characteristics or abilities gained through
training or experience or both as measured against established requirements, such as
standards or tests that enable the individual to perform a required function. (Instructions
should be provided that include as a minimum this Standard and the Manufacturer’s
Operating Manual. (RP 14B, RP 14C, RP 14H, Spec 14A, Spec 14D)
QUALIFIED PERSON – A person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or
professional standing, or who by knowledge, training, or experience, has successfully
demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work,
or the subject. (RP 54)
QUALIFIED PERSONNEL – Individuals with characteristics or abilities gained through
training experience, or both, as measured against the manufacturer/user/API established
requirements. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
QUALIFIED TECHNICIAN – An individual or agency employee whose performance has
been examined and found adequate to perform the designated inspections. (RP 2X)
QUALITY – Conformance to specified requirements. (Spec Q1)
QUALITY ASSURANCE – Those planned, systematic, and preventive actions which are
required to ensure that materials, products, or services will meet specified requirements.
(Spec Q1)
QUALITY CONTROL – Inspection, test, or examination to ensure that materials, products,
or services conform to specified requirements. (Spec Q1)
QUALITY PROGRAM – An established documented system to ensure quality. (Spec Q1)
QUEBRACHO – A drilling fluid additive used for thinking or dispersing to control viscosity
and thixotropy. It is a crystalline extract of the quebracho tree consisting essentially of tannic
acid. (Bul D11)
QUICK UNION – A union with coarse threads that employs an O-Ring seal for a quick lock.
(WLOP)
QUICKLIME – Calcium oxide, Ca0. (Bul 10C)
QUICKLIME – Calcium oxide, Ca0. Used in certain oilbase drilling fluids to neutralize the
organic acid. (Bul D11)
QUIESCENCE – The state of being quiet or at rest. Static. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
-RRABBIT
– A device that is put through casing or tubing before it is run to make certain it is
the proper size inside and outside. A drift mandrel. (ITOGP)
RACK PIPE – To stand pipe in the derrick when coming out of the hole or to stack pipe on a
pipe rack. (ITOGP)
RACKING PIPE OR RODS – Act of placing stands of pipe or rods in orderly arrangement in
the derrick. (RP 54)
RACKING PLATFORM – A platform located at a distance above the working floor for
laterally supporting the upper end of racked pipe. (Spec 4F)
RADIAL PRESSURE – Uniform external pressure acting only on the sides of a member.
(Spec 2U)
RADIATION SAFETY OFFICER – An individual engaged in the practice of providing
radiation protection. He is the representative appointed by the licensee for liaison with the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission and with “agreement states” radiation control branches. (RP
5A5)
RADICAL – Two or more atoms behaving as a single chemical unit, i.e., as an atom; e.g.,
sulfate, phosphate, nitrate. (Bul D11)
RADIOISOTOPE – An unstable isotope of an element that disintegrates spontaneously,
emitting radiation. (RP 5A5)
RADIUS OF CURVATURE METHOD – Uses the sets of angles measured at the top and
bottom of the course length to generate a space curve (representing the wellbore path) that
has the shape of a spherical arc passing through the measured angles at both the upper and
lower ends of the measured course. (Bul D20)
RAFTED ICE – An ice sheet consisting of two or more layered ice sheets as a result of
overriding. (Bul 2N)
RAM – The closing and sealing component on a blowout preventer. Rams are of three types:
blind, pipe, and shear. Pipe rams, when closed, have a configuration such that they seal
around the pipe; shear rams cut through drill pipe and then form a seal. Blind rams seal on
each other with no pipe in the hole. (WLOP)
RAM BLOWOUT PREVENTER – A blowout preventer that uses rams to seal off pressure
in the well bore; also called a ram preventer. (WLOP)
RANDOM SAMPLING – A prescribed number of units selected by the inspector from a lot
for inspection such as one-in-ten, 10%, 20%, etc. (RP 2X)
RANGE (SEE SWEEP) – The maximum ultrasonic path length that can be displayed. (RP
2X)
RAPID SAND FILTER – A relatively small filtering unit containing sand. The liquid
movement through the sand bed is fairly rapid. The filter bed usually has to be cleaned often,
by backwashing. (SSWID)
RATE OF SHEAR – The rate at which an action, resulting from applied forces, causes or
tends to cause two adjacent parts of a body to slide relatively to each other in a direction
parallel to their plane of contact measured in reciprocal seconds. (Bul 10C)
RATE OF SHEAR – The rate at which an action, resulting from applied forces, causes or
tends to cause two adjacent parts of a body to slide relatively to each other in a direction
parallel to their plane of contact. Commonly given in rpm. (Bul D11)
RATE OF TRAVEL – The speed of material over the screening surface, usually expressed in
feet per minute. (Bul 13C)
RATED CAPACITY – The rated load at specified radii as established by the manufacturer
and are the maximum loads at those radii covered by the manufacturer’s warranty. (Spec 2C)
RATED SETBACK LOAD – The maximum weight of tubular goods which can be
supported by the substructure in the setback area. (Spec 4F)
RATED STATIC ROTARY LOAD – The maximum weight being supported by the rotary
table support beams. (Spec 4F)
RATED WORKING PRESSURE – The maximum internal pressure equipment is designed
to contain and/or control. Working pressure is not to be confused with test pressure. (Spec
6A)
RATED WORKING PRESSURE – The maximum internal pressure equipment is designed
to contain and/or control. Rated working pressure is not to be confused with test pressure.
(Spec 16A)
RAT HOLE (1) – Hole that is drilled ahead of the main wellbore and which is of a smaller
diameter than the bit used in the main borehole (refer to “Pilot Bit”). (Bul D20)
RAT HOLE (2) – Surface facilities used to store the during tripping operations. (Bul D20)
RAW MUD – Mud to be processed by solids removal equipment, before dilution. (Bul 13C)
REACTIVE TORQUE – Based on the physical property that action equals reaction, the
torque reacting on the drill stem is that torque being generated at the point in question, such
as at the bit. (Bul D20)
READOUT – A device that visually indicates a condition or voltage or current. Typical
devices used in inspection requirements are galvanometers and CRT. (RP 5A5)
REAM – Enlargement of the wellbore to straighten the hole. (Bul D20)
REAMER – Tool employed to smooth the wall of a wellbore, enlarge the hole, stabilize the
bit, and straighten the wellbore where kinks or doglegs are encountered. (Bul D20)
REAMING – The operation employed to enlarge the hole to the size originally planned. (Bul
10C)
REAR END RADIUS – See Tail Swing. (Spec 2C)
RECEIVING WATERS – Rivers, lakes, oceans, or other bodies that receive treated or
untreated waste waters. (Bul D11)
RECESS – The counter-bored section at the end of line pipe and oil country tubular goods
couplings to facilitate stabbing the thread. (RP 5B1)
RECESS – A recess is an enlargement in conduit bore, generally concentric with the bore.
(RP 6G)
RECLAIMED – Processed for reuse. (Bul 13C)
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE (RP) – A document which describes the approved
recommended inspection or test procedure for a product. (RP 5A5)
RECOMPLETION OPERATIONS – To perform operations to change producing formations
in an existing well. (ITOGP)
RECORDABLE CASE – All work-related cases that involve any of the following:
Deaths recordable regardless of the time between injury and death of length of illness and
death.
Injuries: All occupational injuries resulting in any of the following:
1. Lost workdays. (Either days away from work or days of restricted activity)
2. Medical treatment other than first aid
3. Lost of consciousness
4. Restriction of work or motion
5. Transfer. (Temporary or permanent transfer to another job)
6. Termination of the injured or ill employee
Illnesses: All occupational illness. (Bul T5)
RECORDS – Retrievable information. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
RECTANGULAR OPENING (SCREEN CLOTH) – When referring to wire cloth, having
elongated openings defined by single or multiple cross wires. The mesh count in one direction is
different from that at right angles to that direction. (Bul 13C)
RECYCLING – The process by which materials pass through a cycle and undergo change or
treatment, thus permitting their reclamation in some form to further use. (Bul D11)
RED-LIME MUD – A red mud which has been converted to a lime-treated drilling fluid. The
pH is usually 12.0 to 13.0. (Bul D11)
RED MUD – A clay, water-base drilling fluid containing sufficient amounts of caustic sode and
tannates to give a pronounced red appearance. Normally a high-pH drilling fluid. (Bul 10C, Bul
D11)
REDRESS – Replacement of items as defined in the Manufacturer’s Operating Manual. Redress
may be performed on or away from well site. Each replacement item should be a qualified part.
(RP 14B)
REEL SYSTEM – A circular drum and assorted mechanical equipment used to spool wireline.
(WLOP)
REEVING – A rope system where the rope travels around drums and sheaves. (Spec 2C)
REFERENCE BLOCKS – A block or series of blocks of material containing artificial or actual
discontinuities of one or more reflecting areas at one or more distances from the test surface,
which are used for reference in calibrating instruments and in defining the size and distance of
defective areas in materials. (RP 2X)
REFERENCE ELECTRODE – A standard cell of known voltage used for making voltage
measurements of a corrosion cell. Calomel and copper sulfate are common reference electrodes.
(COGWE, SSWID)
REFERENCE MAGNETS – Magnets inset in the wall of the non-magnetic drill collar. Used to
indicate a position of the deflecting tool with respect to magnetic north. A picture of a magnetic
needle compass at the magnets is imposed on the picture of the magnetic north compass. (Bul
D20)
REFERENCE STANDARD – A pipe containing machined notches or natural defects used as a
base for comparison or for inspection equipment standardization. (RP 5A5)
REFLECTION – The characteristic of a surface to change the direction of propagating acoustic
energy; the return of sound waves from surface. (RP 2X, RP 5A5)
REFLECTOR – Any condition (not necessarily a discontinuity) capable of returning ultra sound
energy to the transducer. (RP 2X)
REFRACTION – The characteristic of a material to change the direction of acoustic energy as it
passes through an interface into the refracting material. A change in the direction and velocity of
acoustic energy after it has passed at an acute angle through an interface into the refracting
material. (RP 2X)
REFRACTIVE INDEX – The ratio of the velocity of a wave in one medium to the velocity of
the wave in a second medium is the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the
first. It is a measure of the amount a wave will be refracted when it enters the second medium
after leaving the first. (RP 2X)
REFRACTORY – Resisting ordinary treatment and difficult to degrade. (Bul D11)
REFROZEN LEAD – Lead in which ice has grown, but remains relatively smooth. Thickness
can vary from a few inches to several feet. (Bul 2N)
REJECT (SUPPRESSION) – A control for minimizing or eliminating low amplitude signals
(electrical or material “noise”) so that larger signals are emphasized. (RP 2X)
REJECT LEVEL (TO BE EVALUATED) – The value that is established as a baseline test
signal, and is used to determine whether specimens that are above or below the baseline may be
rejectable, or otherwise distinguished from the remaining specimens. (RP 5A5)
REJECT OPENING – See Preferred Term: Underflow Opening. (Bul 13C)
RELEVANT INDICATION – An indication resulting from a discontinuity in the pipe. (RP 5A5)
RELIEF VALVE – See Pressure-Relief Valve. (ITOGP)
RELIEF WELL – A well drilled with the specific purpose to provide communication at a belowground
position to another well which is out of control. (Bul D20)
RELIEF WELL – An offset well drilled to intersect the subsurface formation to combat a
blowout. (RP 53)
REMANUFACTURE – Any activity involving disassembly, reassembly and testing of
SSV/USV equipment or any item thereof, with or without the replacement of qualified parts
where machining welding, heat treating or other manufacturing operation is employed. (RP 14B,
RP 14H)
REMANUFACTURER – A person or company who performs remanufacture in an authorized
facility. (RP 14B, RP 14H)
REMNANT PERMAFROST – Permafrost existing in a soil prior to construction and installation
activities. (Bul 2N)
REMOTE CONTROL STATION – A centrally located station containing equipment to control
and regulate operations in one or more fields. (ITOGP)
REMOTE READING GAGE – An instrument capable of providing indications of pressure,
vacuum, voltage, etc., at a point remote from the place that such indications are actually taken.
(WLOP)
REMOVABLE – Total component is field replaceable without welder assistance. (Spec 12K)
REPETITION RATE – The rate at which the individual pulses of acoustic energy are generated;
also Pulse Rate. (RP 2X)
RESERVOIR – A pond, lake, tank, or basin, natural or man-made, used for the storage,
regulation, and control of water or other fluids. (Bul D11)
RESERVOIR – A subsurface porous and permeable rock body that contains oil and/or gas.
(ITOGP)
RESERVOIR FLUID – A natural underground accumulation consisting primarily of
hydrocarbon compounds. The reservoir fluid may be either a liquid or a gas and may contain
certain non-hydrocarbon compounds. The non-hydrocompounds which are of greatest
importance in sampling are nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, helium, and water. Free
water (brine) which flows into the well with the reservoir fluid is not considered here to be a part
of the reservoir fluid. (RP 44)
RESERVOIR PRESSURE – The pressure at the face of the producing formation when the well
is shut in. (ITOGP)
RESERVOIR PRESSURE – The pressure that exists in an oil, gas, or water bearing formation or
reservoir. (WLOP)
RESIDUAL FIELD – The remaining magnetic field retained by ferromagnetic materials after
they have been exposed to a magnetic force. (RP 5A5)
RESIDUAL METHOD – Inspection utilizing the residual magnetic field remaining in the pipe
after magnetization for obtain indications. (RP 5A5)
RESIDUAL OIL – In laboratory reservoir-fluid analysis, the liquid remaining at atmospheric
pressure following the differential liberation of gas at reservoir temperature. (RP 44)
RESIDUAL STRESSES – The stresses that remain in an unloaded member after it has been
formed and installed in a structure. Some typical causes are forming, welding and corrections for
misalignment during installation in the structure. The misalignment stresses are not accounted
for by the plasticity reduction factor.ll (Bul 2U)
RESIDUAL STRESSES – The stresses that remain in an unloaded member after it has been
formed and installed in a structure. Some typical causes are forming, welding and corrections for
misalignment during installing in the structure. (Bul 2V)
RESIN – Semisolid or solid complex, amorphous mixture of organic compounds having no
definite melting point nor tendency to crystallize. Resins may be a component of compounded
materials that can be added to drilling fluids to impart special properties to the system, wall cake,
etc. (Bul 10C)
RESISTIVITY – The electrical resistance offered to the passage of a current expressed in ohmmeters;
the reciprocal of conductivity. (Bul 10C)
RESISTIVITY – The electrical resistance offered o the passes of a current, expressed in ohmmeters;
the reciprocal of conductivity. Fresh-water drilling fluids are usually characterized by
high resistivity; salt-water drilling fluids by a low resistivity. (Bul D11)
RESISTIVITY METER – An instrument for measuring the resistivity of drilling fluids and its
cakes. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
RESOLUTION – The ability of ultrasonic equipment to give simultaneous, separate indications
from discontinuities having nearly the same range and lateral position with respect to the beam
axis. (RP 2X)
RESOLVING POWER (ULTRASONICS) – The measure of the capability of an ultrasonic
system to separate in time two discontinuities at slightly different distances. (RP 5A5)
RESTRICTED AREA SEALING MEANS – A seal which encloses a pressure containment area
smaller than the adjacent API ring gasket. (Spec 6A)
RETARDER – A chemical which is added to cements or slurries to lengthen thickening time.
(Bul 10C)
RETENTION TIME (CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS) – The time the liquid phase is actually
in the separating device. (Bul 13C)
RETENTION TIME (SCREEN) – The time any given particle of material is actually on the
screening surface. (Bul 13C)
REVERSE CIRCULATE – The method by which the normal flow of a drilling fluid is reversed
by circulating down from the annulus and up and out the drill string. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
REVERSE CIRCULATION – Normal course of fluid circulation is downward inside the pipe
and upward in the wellbore annular space surrounding the pipe. This normal circulation is
sometimes reversed and the fluid returns to the surface through the pipe after being pumped
down the annular space. (RP 54)
REVERSED CONE OFFSET – Refer to “Negatively Skewed Bit.” (Bul D20)
REVOLVING UPPERSTRUCTURE – The rotating upper frame structure and the operating
machinery mounted thereon. (Spec 2C)
REWORKING A WELL (REMEDIAL OPERATIONS) – To restore production from an
existing formation when it has fallen off substantially or ceased altogether. See Workover.
(ITOGP)
REYNOLDS NUMBER – A dimensionless number, Re, that occurs in the theory of fluid
dynamics. (Bul 10C)
REYNOLDS NUMBER – A dimensionless number, Re, that occurs in the theory of fluid
dynamics. The diameter, velocity, density, and viscosity (consistent units) for a fluid flowing
through a cylindrical conductor are related as follows:
Re = (diameter) (velocity) (density) (viscosity)
Or
= DVp/u+
The number is important in fluid hydraulics calculations for determining the type of fluid flow,
i.e., whether laminar or turbulent. The transitional range occurs approximately from 2,000 to
3,000; below 2,000 the flow is laminar, above 3,000 the flow is turbulent. (Bul D11)
REYNOLDS NUMBER (Re) – A dimensionless function that characterizes friction of fluid flow
in pipes and is defined by the following: (Bul D10)
Re = vdp
N
Wherein:
v = mean velocity, ft/sec
d = diameter of pipe, ft
p = density, lb/cu ft
N = absolute viscosity, lb/ft-sec
= 0.000672 x viscosity in centipoise
or, in oil-field engineering units:
Re = 928 vd1p1
N1
Wherein:
v = mean velocity, ft/sec
d1 = diameter of pipe, in.
p1 = density, lb/gal
N1 = plastic viscosity, cp
or:
Re = 379 Gp1
N1d1
Wherein:
G = flow rate, gal/min
d1 = diameter of pipe, in.
p1 = density, lb/gal
N1 = plastic viscosity, cp
rf (RADIO FREQUENCY PRESENTATION) – A signal display that is not rectified. (RP 2X)
RHEOLOGY – The study of the deformation and flow of matter. (Bul 13D)
RHEOLOGY – The science that deals with deformation and flow of matter. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
RIDGE KEEL – The portion of an ice ridge that extends below the water line. Can be partially
consolidated in first-year ridges but the depth of consolidation is variable. (Bul 2N)
RIDGE SAIL – The portion of a ridge that extends above sea level. In early season the sail of a
first-year ridge is generally composed of loosely stacked blocks. In multiyear ridges, the sail
becomes eroded or worn smooth due to summer melting and ultimate refreezing, and is generally
composed of almost solid, freshwater ice (with numerous air pockets). (Bul 2N)
RIG – The derrick, drawworks and attendant surface equipment of a drilling or workover unit.
(ITOGP)
RIGGING UP – The on-site erection and connection of the right components in preparation for
drilling or well servicing operations. (RP 54)
RIGHT-HAND THREAD – A thread that winds in a clockwise receding direction when viewed
axially. (RP 5B1)
RIGIDITY – Usually refers to the stiffness or flexibility characteristics of a bottom-hole
assembly or an element thereof. (Bul D20)
RING GEAR – See Swing Gear. (Also called Bull Gear). (Spec 2C)
RING STIFFENED – A member with circumferential stiffeners. (Bul 2U)
RINGING – High frequency vertical vibration of the TLP spring-mass system excited by
impulsive loading. (RP 2T)
RINGING TIME – The time that the mechanical vibrations of a crystal continue after the
electrical pulse has stopped. (RP 2X)
RIPARIAN RIGHTS – Rights of a land owner to the water on or bordering his property,
including the right to prevent diversion or misuse of upstream water. (Bul D11)
RISER – A pipe through which liquid travels upward. (ITGOP)
RISER – The vertical portion of a pipeline (including the bottom bend) arriving on or departing
from a platform. (RP 14E)
RISER BOX – The female coupling member. (RP 2R)
RISER JOINT – A section of riser pipe having ends fitted with a box and a pin. (RP 2R)
RISER JOINT – A riser joint consists of a section of pipe, with couplings on each end. It may
have provision for supporting integral and non-integral auxiliary lines (flowlines, choke and kill
lines, control bundles, etc.) and buoyancy devices. (RP 2T)
RISER PIN – The male coupling member. (RP 2R)
RISER PIPE – The basic pipe from which riser joints are fabricated. (RP 2R)
RISER RUNNING/HANDLING EQUIPMENT – Usually consists of a riser handling sub and a
riser spider. The riser bus latches on to the end of the riser joint permitting it to be connected to
the surface lifting device. The riser spider is used to support the riser string, during
deployment/retrieval, as a joint is being made or broken. (RP 2T)
RISER SPACER FRAME – A purpose designed frame to maintain lateral separation among
risers. (RP 2T)
RISER SPIDER – A device used to support the riser string as a joint is being made or broken
during riser deployment/retrieval operations. (RP 2T)
RISER SPOILERS – Used in areas where high velocity currents are encountered to preclude
vortex-induced riser vibration. Various types of spoilers have been effective in reducing these
vibrations; however, they frequently result in an increase in drag forces. (RP 2T)
RISER SUB – A device which latches on to the end of the riser joint permitting it to be
connected t the surface lifting device. (RP 2T)
ROCK A WELL – To alternately bleed pressure from the casing and then from, the tubing of a
dead well until the well will flow on its own. (ITOGP)
ROCK ANISOTROPY – Refers to the differences in physical properties of rocks as related to
the directional characteristic; for example, ‘strength” or drillability” may be different when
measured in different directions through the rock. (Bul D20)
ROCKWELL HARDNESS – A numerical value which expresses the resistance of a material to
indentation with a small diamond point or a 1/16 in. diameter ball. This correlates directly with
strength. (COGWE, SSWID, WLOP)
ROD BOARD – A platform located at a distance above the working floor for supporting rods.
(Spec 4F)
RODS (SUCKER RODS) – A special steel rod, a number of which are screed together to make
up the mechanical link from the surface pumping unit to the pump in the well. (RP 54)
ROLL – Platform rotation about the plant north-south axis. (RP 2T)
ROLL OFF – Correction in the facing of the deflection tool, usually determined by experience,
and which must be taken into consideration in order to give the proper facing to the roll. (Bul
D20)
ROLL MARK – A term applied to surface imperfections caused by improper roll alignment or
roll surface damage. Such imperfections may be periodic or continuous. (Bul 5T1)
ROLLED-IN-SCALE (ALSO CALLED A SCAB) – A surface imperfection caused by scale,
formed during a previous heating, which has not been eliminated prior to surface drilling. (Spec
11B)
ROLLED-IN SLUGS – A foreign metallic body rolled into the metal surface, usually not fused.
(Bul 5T1)
ROLLER PATH – The surface upon which the rollers that support the revolving upperstructure
bear. It may accommodate either cone rollers or live rollers. (Spec 2C)
ROLLING CUTTER REAMER – A reamer with the outermost radius provided by cutting roller
members. (Bul D20)
ROLLING ELEMENT – The balls or rollers contained between the rings of the swing circle
bearing. (Spec 2C)
ROOT – The bottom of a thread. (RP 5A5, RP 5B1)
ROOT TRUNCATION – The distance between the sharp root (root apex) and the finished root.
(RP 5B1)
ROPE – Refers to wire rope unless otherwise specified. (Spec 2C)
ROPE DISCHARGE (OR ROPE) – The characteristic underflow of a hydrocyclone so viscous
and overloaded with separable solids that not all the solids reporting to the underflow can crowd
through the underflow opening. (Bul 13C)
ROPE FALLS – Block and tackle arrangements to assist in wireline operation equipment
placements. (WLOP)
ROTARY DRILLING – The method of drilling wells that depends on the rotation of a column of
drill pipe to the bottom of which is attached a bit. A fluid is circulated to remove the cuttings.
(Bul 10C, Bul D11)
ROTARY DRILLING RIG – Includes prime movers, hoisting, rotating, circulating, and
auxiliary equipment necessary for well drilling. (Bul D10)
ROTARY HORSEPOWER (RHP) – The horsepower required to rotate the drill string and the
bit. (Bul D10)
Torque (ft-lb) x rpm = RHP
5,250
ROTATING BASE – See Revolving Upperstructure. (Spec 2C)
ROTATING HEAD – A rotating pressure-sealing device used in drilling operations utilizing air,
gas, foam, or any other drilling fluid whose hydrostatic pressure is less than the formation
pressure. (RP 53)
ROTATION RESISTANT ROPE – A wire rope consisting of an inner layer of strand laid in one
direction covered by a layer of strand laid in the opposite direction. This has the effect of
counteracting torque by reducing the tendency of the finished rope to rotate. (Spec 2C)
ROTOR DIAMETER – Rotor diameter is the diameter of a circle by the rotor blades while
rotating. Herein the main rotor diameter is referred to as “RD.” (RP 2L)
ROUNDNESS – Grain roundness is a measure of the relative sharpness of grain corners, or of
grain curvature. (RP 56)
ROUND-TRIP – To pull out and subsequently run back into the hole a string of drill pipe, tubing
or sucker rods. Also terms TRIP. (ITOGP)
ROYALTY INTEREST – The fraction of the oil and gas retained by the mineral rights owner
under the lease agreement. (ITOGP)
RP – Recommended Practice
RUBBLE FIELD – A region of deformed ice, usually composed of upturned blocks refrozen into
an ice sheet. A rubble field may contain a series of closely-spaced ridges unseparated by sheet
ice and has larger areal extent than a rubble pile. (Bul 2N)
RUBBLE FIELD – Floating or grounded first-year ice composed of broken ice blocks refrozen
into a contiguous feature. (Bul 2N)
RUBBLE PILE – An ice feature of areal, rather than linear, extent, created by ice falling against
a structure of a grounded feature. (Bul 2N)
RUBBLE PILE – A grounded first-year ice feature of areal, rather than linear extent, created by
pressure and composed of broken ice blocks. (Bul 2N)
RUN – The amount of crude oil sold and transferred to the pipeline by the producer. (ITOGP)
RUN A TANK – To transfer oil from a stock tank into a pipeline. (ITOGP)
RUN IN – To go into the hole with tubing, drill pipe, etc. (ITOGP)
RUN TICKET – A record of oil transferred from the producer’s storage tank to the pipeline. This
is the basic legal instrument by which the lease operator is paid for oil produced and sold.
(ITOGP)
RUNNING ROPE – A rope which travels around sheaves or drums. (Spec 2C)
RUNNING TOOL – Specialized tools used to run equipment in a well, such as a wireline
running tool for installing retrievable gas lift valves. Various tubing-type running tools are also
used. (ITOGP)
RUNOFF – The portion of rainfall, melted snow, or irrigation water that flows across ground
surface and eventually is returned to streams. Runoff can pick up pollutants from the air or the
land and carry them to the receiving waters. (Bul D11)
RUNOUT – Intersection of the thread cone and the pipe outside surface. Location on the outer
surface where the thread groove vanished. (RP 5B1)
-SS&
W – Sediment and Water.
SACK – A weight measure. (Bul 10C)
SAE – Society of Automotive Engineers.
SAFE – Conforms in every detail to a design which has been demonstrated to perform
satisfactorily in the service intended. (Bul S1)
SAFETY DEVICE – An instrument or control used within the safety system. (RP 14C)
SAFETY FACTOR – The ratio of the maximum permissible working load to the load causing
failure. (RP 5B1)
SAFETY HAT – See Hard Hat. (ITOGP)
SAFETY NET – Safety net is a netting section around the perimeter of the flight deck used for
personnel safety, and is normally provided in lieu of a safety shelf where the flight deck along
provides ground cushion effect. (RP 2L)
SAFETY SHELF – Safety shelf is a section of solid construction around the perimeter of the
flight deck used for safety of personnel, and may be included in the ground cushion area. (RP
2L)
SAFETY VALVE – See Pressure-Relief Valve. (ITOGP)
SAFETY VALVE – A valve available for quick installation in the pipe string to prevent flow.
(RP 54)
SAFETY VALVE – An automatic valve designed to close or open when an abnormal condition
exists. (WLOP)
SAFETY VALVE LANDING NIPPLE – A receptacle in the production string with internal
sealing surfaces in which the SSSV can be installed. It can include recesses for locking devices
to hold the valve in place and can be ported for communication to an outside source for valve
operation. (RP 14B, Spec 14A)
SAFETY VALVE LOCK – A device attached to or a part of the SSV that holds the SSSV in
place. (RP 14B, Spec 14A)
SAFETY VALVE, TUBING/DRILL PIPE – A full-opening valve with connections to match the
tubing or drill pipe in use and which is maintained in a readily accessible location on the working
level of the rig for use in controlling undesirable backflow and/or prevention of blowouts. (RP
57)
SALINITY – The degree of salt in water, expressed as ppm or as mg/l. (Bul D11)
SALT – Normally sodium chloride, NaCl. Chemically, the term salt is also applied to any one of
a class of similar compounds formed when the hydrogen of an acid is partly or wholly replaced
by a metal or a metallic radical. (Bul 10C)
SALT – In drilling fluid terminology, the term salt is applied to sodium chloride, NaCl.
Chemically, the term salt is also applied to any one of a class of similar compounds formed when
the acid hydrogen of an acid is party or wholly replaced by a metal or a metallic radical. Salts are
formed by the action of acids on metals, or oxides and hydroxides, directly with ammonia, and in
other ways. (Bul D11)
SALT-WATER CLAY – See Attapulgie Clay. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SALT-WATER DRILLING FLUIDS – A water-base drilling fluid comprising dissolved salt
(brackish to saturated). Bul 10C)
SALT-WATER DRILLING FLUIDS – A drilling fluid containing dissolved salt (brackish to
saturated). These fluids may also include native solids, oil, and/or such commercial additives as
clays, starch, etc. (Bul D11)
SALT WATER FLOW – An influx of formation salt water into the wellbore. (RP 53)
SALT-WATER INTRUSION – The invasion of salt water into a body of fresh water, occurring
in either surface or ground-water bodies. When this invasion is caused by oceanic waters, it is
called sea-water intrusion. (Bul D11)
SALTWATER DISPOSAL – The method and system for the disposal of salt water produced
with crude oil. A typical system is composed of collection centers and disposal wells in which
treated salt water is injected into a suitable formation. (ITOGP)
SAMPLE MUD – A drilling fluid possessing properties to bring up suitable samples. (Bul 10C,
Bul D11)
SAMPLES – Cuttings obtained for geological information from the drilling fluid as it emerges
from the hole. (Bul 10C)
SAMPLES – Cuttings obtained for geological information from the drilling fluid as it emerges
from the hole. They are washed, dried, and labeled as to the depth. (Bul D11)
SAND – Granular, hard, siliceous material. The produce of disintegration rock whose major
constituent is silicon dioxide. (SiO2). (Bul 10C)
SAND – A loose granular material resulting form the disintegration of rocks, most often silica.
(Bul D11)
SAND – A loose material must commonly composed of small quartz grains formed from the
disintegration of preexisting rocks. Also see Sandstone. (ITOGP)
SAND CONSOLIDATION – Any one of several methods by which loose, unconsolidated grains
of a producing formation are caused to adhere together in order to prevent a well from producing
sand yet still allow oil or gas to be produced. (ITOGP)
SAND CONTENT – In cementing work, the term refers to the weight of sand blended with dry
cement powder. The sand content is expressed as percent by weight of cement or as pounds of
sand per sack of cement. (Bul 10C)
SAND CONTENT – The sand content of a drilling fluid is the insoluble abrasive solids content
rejected by a 200-mesh screen. It is usually expressed as the percentage bulk volume of sand in a
drilling fluid. This test is an elementary type in that the retained solids are not necessarily silica
nor may not be altogether abrasive. For additional information concerning the kinds of solids
retained on the 200-mesh screen, more specific tests would be required. See Mesh. (Bul D11)
SAND CONTROL – Any method by which large amounts of sand are prevented from entering
the wellbore. Methods include: Gravel Pack, Screen Liner, and Sand Consolidation. (ITOGP)
SAND DISCHARGE GATE – See Preferred Term: Underflow Opening. (Bul 13C)
SAND JETS – A system of one or more perforated pipes, or nozzles, located near the bottom of
emulsion treaters which is used periodically to clean out sediments by flushing with water. (Spec
12L)
SAND PANS – Inverted angle baffles or troughs located above the sand (sediment) outlet
connections to facilitate uniform sand or sediment removal. Notches in the troughs or pans
increase the velocity of the water leaving the vessel to prevent bridging. (Spec 12L)
SANDED UP – Clogged by sand entering the wellbore. (ITOGP)
SANDSTONE – A compacted sedimentary rock composed of the minerals quartz or feldspar.
Sandstone is a common rock in which petroleum and water accumulate. (ITOGP)
SATURATED LIQUID – A liquid which is in equilibrium with a vapor at the prevailing
pressure and temperature. (RP 44)
SATURATED SOLUTION – A solution is saturated if it contains at a given temperature as
much of a solute as it can retain. (Bul 10C)
SATURATED SOLUTION – A solution is saturated if it contains at a given temperature as
much of a solute as it can retain. At 68oF I takes 126.5 lb/bbl salt to saturate 1 bbl of fresh water.
See Supersaturated. (Bul D11)
SATURATED VAPOR – A vapor which is in equilibrium with a liquid at the prevailing
pressure and temperature. (RP 44)
SATURATION PRESSURE – The pressure at which a vapor and a liquid are in equilibrium.
“Saturation pressure” is often used interchangeably with “bubble-point pressure” and “dew-point
pressure.” (RP 44)
SATURATION (SCOPE) – A term used to describe an indication of such a size as to reach full
scope amplitude (100%). Beyond this point there is no visual display to estimate the actual real
height of the response signal unless the equipment is provided with db readout. (RP 2X)
SCAB – An imperfection in the form of a shell or veneer, generally attached to the surface by
sound metal. It usually has its origin in an ingot defect. (Bul 5T1)
SCALE – A deposit formed in place by chemical action, or temperature and pressure changes on
surfaces in contact with water – i.e., calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium sulfate.
(SSWID, WLOP)
SCANNER – A detector assembly carrying one or more transducers for detecting flaws in pipe.
(See detector unit.) Often the scanner is quipped with a magnetizer and is a part of it. (RP 5A5)
SCANNING – Relative movement of the search unit over a test piece. (RP 2X)
SCATTER – Secondary radiation which is emitted in all directions. (RP 5A5)
SCATTERED ENERGY – Energy that is reflected in a random fashion by small reflectors in the
path of a beam of ultrasonic waves. (RP 2X)
SCATTERING – Dispersion of ultrasonic waves in a medium due to cause other than
absorption. See Diffuse and Dispersion. (RP 2X)
SCF – Standard cubic foot measured at a set of standard conditions (for example: 14.65 psia and
60oF). (WT)
SCF/STB – Standard cubic feet per stock tank barrel. (GL)
SCOUR – Soil erosion from waves and current action. (Bul 2N)
SCRAPER – A device used to clean deposits of paraffin from tubing or flow lines. See Pig.
(ITOGP)
SCRAPER – Any device (as a lien scraper, paraffin scraper, etc.) that is used to remove deposits
(as scale or paraffin) from tubing, casing, rods, or flow lines. (WLOP)
SCRAPER TRAP – A pipeline quick connection for inserting or removing a scraper, or “pipeline
pig.” The pig is forced through the line for cleaning or testing for obstructions. (SSWID)
SCRATCHER – A device fastened to casing which aids in removal of mud cake from the
annulus while the pipe is being moved during the cementing operation. (Bul 10C)
SCREEN – A machine with screening surface(s) used to classify materials by size. (Bul 13C)
SCREEN ANALYSIS – Determination of the relative percentages of substances, passing
through or retained on a sequence of screens of decreasing mesh size. Analysis may be by wet
or dry methods (synonym SIEVE ANALYSIS). See Mesh. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SCREEN CLOTH – (See Related Term: Wire Cloth.) – A type of screening surface, woven in
square, rectangular, or slotted openings. (Bul 13C)
SCREEN CLOTH PROTECTOR – See Preferred Term: Support Rubber. (Bul 13C)
SCREEN SECTION – A finished piece of screening surface complete with edge or other
preparation. (Bul 13C)
SCREENING – A mechanical process which accomplishes a division of particles on the basis of
size by their acceptance or rejection by a screening surface. (Bul 13C)
SCREENING – The removal of relatively coarse floating and suspended solids by straining
through rocks or screens. (Bul D11)
SCREENING SURFACE – The medium containing the apertures for passage of the undersize
material. (Bul 13C)
SCSSV – Surface controlled subsurface safety valve – an SSSV controlled from the surface by
hydraulic, electrical, mechanical or other means. (RP 14B, Spec 14A)
SCREW CONVEYOR – See Preferred Term: Conveyor. (Bul 13C)
SCROLL – See Preferred Term: Flute. (Bul 13C)
SCRUBBER – A vessel through which gas is passed to remove liquid and foreign matter.
(ITOGP)
SCRUBBER – A scrubber is a type of separator which has been designed to handle flow streams
with unusually high gas-to-liquid ratios. These are commonly used in conjunction with
dehydrators, extraction plants, instruments, or compressors for protection from entrained liquids.
(Spec 12J)
SEA-WATER DRILLING FLUIDS – A special class of salt-water drilling fluids where sea
water is used as the fluid phase. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SEALING AGENTS – Any of many materials added to drilling fluid or cements to restore
circulation. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SEALING BORE – The sealing bore is the polished section of conduit that receives a packing
element. (RP 6G)
SEAM – Crevice in rolled metal which has been more or less closed by rolling or other work but
has not been fused into sound meal. (Bul 5T1)
SEAM – A straightline longitudinal crack or opening extending radially inward from the original
outside surface. The seamless tube-making process generally imparts a spiral path to the seam,
but this is not usually noticeable in the threaded area. Seams may be caused by ingot cracks,
surface pits on ingots, subsurface blowholes, or poor heating practices. (RP 5A5)
SEAM – A longitudinal crevice in the rod which has been closed but without metallurgical
bonding and has the appearance of a scratch or small longitudinal separation of the bar. (Spec
11B)
SEAMLESS PIPE – A wrought steel tubular product made without a welded seam. It is
manufactured by hot working steel, or if necessary, by subsequently cold finishing the hotworked
tubular product to produce the desired shape, dimensions, and properties. (RP 5A5, Spec
5A, Spec 5L)
SEAMLESS PIPE – Wrought steel tubular product made without a welded seam. It is
manufactured by hot working steel, or if necessary, by subsequently cold finishing the hotworked
tubular product to produce the desired shape, dimensions, and properties. Cold drawn
tubular products, without appropriate heat treatment, are not acceptable. (Spec 5AX)
SEARCH COIL – Small coil or coils mounted in a transducer shoe. (RP 5A5)
SEARCH PROBE – A small coil or coil assembly that is placed on or near the pipe surface for
detecting flaws and defects. (RP 5A5)
SEARCH UNIT – A device incorporating one or more transducers. (RP 2X)
SECANT METHOD – Has been used with two different meanings: (1) meaning the
“Trapezoidal Method,” and (2) meaning the “Average Angle Method.” (Bul D20)
SECONDARY MEANS OF ESCAPE – Fixed stairways or fixed ladders of metal construction
or portable flexible ladders, knotted man ropes, and other satisfactory devices. (RP 14G)
SECONDARY RECOVERY – Any method by which an essentially depleted reservoir is
restored to a producing status by the injection of liquids or gases into the reservoir from
extraneous sources. This effects a restoration of reservoir energy, which moves the formerly
unrecoverable secondary reserves through the reservoir to the wellbore. May also be referred to
as “enhanced recovery.” (SSWID)
SECONDARY TREATMENT – Waste-water treatment, beyond the primary state, in which
bacteria consume the organic parts of the wastes. This biochemical action is accomplished by
use of trickling filters or the activated-sludge process. Effective secondary treatment removes
virtually all floating and settable solids and approximately 90% of both BOD5 and suspended
solids. Customarily, disinfection by chlorination is the final stage of the secondary-treatment
process. (Bul D11)
SECONDS API – A unit viscosity as measured with a Marsh funnel according to API procedure.
See API RP 13B and Marsh Funnel. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SEDIMENTARY ROCK – A rock composed of materials that were transported to their present
position by wind or water. Sandstone, shale, and limestone are sedimentary rocks. (ITOGP)
SEDIMENTATION – In waste-water treatment, the settling out of solids by gravity. (Bul D11)
SEEPAGE – Water that flows through the soil. (Bul D11)
SELECTROGRAPH – Chart used to select the minimum required length of non-magnetic drill
collars. (Bul D20)
SEND/RECEIVE TRANSDUCER – A transducer containing two crystals mounted side by side
separated by an acoustic barrier; one generates the acoustic energy and the other receives it. (RP
2X)
SENSING PROBE – Wireline instrument used in connection with “Electronic Yaw Equipment.”
(Bul D20)
SENSITIVITY – The ability to detect small discontinuities. The level of amplification at which
the receiving circuit in an ultrasonic equipment is set. (RP 2X)
SENSITIVITY – The size of the smallest discontinuity detectable by a nondestructive test
method with a reasonable signal-to-noise level. (RP 5A5)
SENSITIVITY, PERCENTAGE – A ratio of the smallest flaw detectable divided by the wall
thickness of the pipe being examined. (RP 5A5)
SENSOR – A device which detects an abnormal operating condition and transmits a signal to
perform a specific shutdown function. (RP 14C)
SEPARATOR – A pressure vessel used for the purpose of separating gas from crude oil and
water. (ITOGP)
SEPARATOR – An unfired pressure vessel used to separate gas and liquids by differential
gravity settling and/or centrifugal action. Separators are commonly cylindrical, either vertical,
horizontal or spherical in shape. (RP 2G)
SEPARATOR – A separator is a vessel used in the field to remove wellstream liquid(s) from gas
components. The separator may be either two-phase or three-phase. Two-phase separators
remove the total liquid from the gas, while three-phase separators also remove free water from
the hydrocarbon liquid. (Spec 12J)
SEPARATOR – Vessel used to separate gas from liquid produced, with gas discharged at top for
use as fuel or for sale and liquid discharged at bottom for additional treating and/or sale. (WT)
SEPARATOR CONE – See Preferred Term: Hydrocyclone. (Bul 13C)
SEPARATOR GAS-OIL RATIO – The ratio of separator gas rate to separator oil (or
condensate) rate, expressed as cubic feet of separator gas per barrel of separator oil (or
condensate). (RP 44)
SEPARATOR OIL RELATIVE-VOLUME FACTOR – The volume of separator oil at separator
conditions of pressure and temperature divided by the volume of stock-tank oil at stock-tank
conditions. (RP 44)
SEQUESTRATION – The formation of a stable, soluble complex by combing a metallic ion,
such as calcium, magnesium, or iron, with a suitable agent thereby modifying the action of the
ion. Representative sequestering agents are ethelenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or its
sodium salts, pyrophosphates, tri-polyphosphates and citrates. (Bul D11)
SERIALIZATION – Assignment of a unique code to individual parts and/or pieces of equipment
to maintain records. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
SERVICE WELL – A non-producing well used for injecting liquid or gas into the reservoir for
enhanced recovery. Also a salt-water disposal well or a water supply well. (ITOGP)
SERVICE WELLS – A service well is one drilled or completed for the purpose of supporting
production in an existing field. Wells of this class are drilled for the following purposes: gas
injection (natural gas, flare gas, inert gas, propane, or butane), water injection, steam injection,
air injection, salt water disposal, water supply for injection, and observation. In certain states,
these service wells require API Well Number assignments. (Bul D12A)
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE – Function of design variables which defines a condition at
which a member no longer satisfies functional requirements, although it is still capable of
carrying additional loads before reaching an ultimate limit state. (Bul 2V)
SET CASING – The installation of pipe or casing in a well bore. (Bul 10C)
SET CASING – The installation of pipe or casing in a well bore. Usually requires mudding up,
reconditioning, or at least checking the drilling fluid properties. (Bul D11)
SETDOWN – The increase in TLP platform draft with offset due to tendon system restraint. (RP
2T)
SETTING OFF COURSE – A method of setting the direction of the wellbore in anticipation of
the bit walking (refer to “Lead Angle”). (Bul D20)
SETTING TIME – A term defining the hardening time of construction cement. This term is not
normally used with reference to well cement. (Bul 10C)
SETTLE – (a) To sink gradually to the bottom. (b) To become clear by a deposit of sediment or
scum. (c) To become compact by sinking. (Bul 10C)
SETTLEABLE SOLIDS – Bits of debris and fine matter heavy enough to settle out of waste
water. (Bul D11)
SETTLING VELOCITY – The velocity at which a particle of particular size, type, specific
gravity, and concentration will settle in a fluid of a particular specific gravity and viscosity. It is
usually measured in millimeters per second. (SSWID)
SG – Specific Gravity.
SHADOW – A region in a body that cannot be reached by ultrasonic energy traveling in a given
direction because of the geometry of the body or a discontinuity in it. (RP 2X)
SHAKE OUT – To spin a sample of oil at high speed to determine its BS&W content. Also
called Grind Out. (ITOGP)
SHAKE-OUT – Small sample of a liquid is placed in graduated clear tube and spun in a
centrifuge to force liquid separation according to density. Method used to determine BS&W
content of produced or sale liquid. (WT)
SHALE – Fine-grained clay rock with slate-like cleavage. (Bul 10C)
SHALE – Fine-grained clay rock with slate-like cleavage, sometimes containing an organic oilyielding
substance. (Bul D11)
SHALE – A fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of silt and clay sized particles. The most
frequently occurring sedimentary rock. (ITOGP)
SHALE SHAKER – Any of several mechanical devices utilizing screens which remove cuttings
and other large solids from the drilling fluid. (Bul 10C)
SHALE SHAKER – A general term for devices used to screen drilling fluids. (Bul 13C)
SHALE SHAKER – Any of several mechanical devices for removing cuttings and other large
solids from the drilling fluid. Common examples are vibrating screen rotating cylindrical screen,
etc. (Bul D11)
SHALL – Indicates that the “recommended practice(s)” has universal applicability to that
specific activity. (RP 49)
SHALL – For the purpose of this document, indicates that the recommended practice is a
minimum requirement that has universal applicability to that specific activity. (RP 54)
SHALL – Indicates that the function has universal applicability to the specific activity. (RP T1,
RP T4)
SHALL – This word indicates that the rule is mandatory and must be followed. (Spec 2C)
SHALL – In this document the word “shall” is used to indicate requirements which must be
satisfied or performed in order to comply with this specification. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
SHALLOW FLAW OR DISCONTINUITY – A discontinuity which as little depth in proportion
to wall thickness and does not exceed critical flaw size of the appropriate specifications. (RP
5A5)
SHARP CREST – The top intersection of the sides when the thread flanks are extended. (RP
5B1)
SHAVED (OR THIN) THREAD – A specific condition of improper thread form exhibiting an
excessive narrowness of thread width. (Bul 5T1)
SHEAR (SHEARING STRESS) – An action, resulting from applied forces, which causes or
tends to cause two contiguous parts of a body to slide relative to each other in a direction parallel
to their plane of contact. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SHEAR LAG – Shear effects on beams which cause a non-uniform distribution of longitudinal
bending stresses across the flange. (Bul 2V)
SHEAR RIDGE – First-year ridge formed primarily by relative motion of two ice sheets in the
direction parallel to their common boundary, called a slip-page line. Composed of groundup ice
chips, water-soaked and refrozen. (Bul 2N)
SHEAR STRENGTH – See Gel, Gel Strength. (Bul 10C)
SHEAR STRENGTH – A measure of the shear value of the fluid. The minimum shearing stress
that will produce permanent deformation. See Gel Strength. (Bul D11)
SHEAR WAVE – The wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate in a direction
perpendicular to the direction of propagation. (RP 2X)
SHEAROMETER – A device used as an alternative method for measuring gel strengths. See
API RP 13B. (Bul 10C)
SHEAROMETER – A device used as an alternative method for measuring gel strengths. See
API RP 13 B for specifications and procedure. (Bul D11)
SHEATH – Protective casing or covering. Cement sheath is the protective covering around the
oil well casing. (SSWID)
SHEET ICE – A region of relatively undisturbed, smooth-first year ice that grows continuously
throughout the winter season. (Bul 2N)
SHELL –The shell is normally a horizontal vessel which contains the coil, firetube and heater
bath. (Spec 12K)
SHELL PANEL – That portion of a shell which is bounded by two adjacent rings in the
longitudinal direction and two adjacent stringers in the circumferential direction. (Bul 2U)
SHIELD – A layer or mass of material used to reduce the passage of ionizing radiation. (RP
5A5)
SHOE – See Detector Shoe. (RP 5A5)
SHORT HOOK UP – Assembly composed of gauge bit, a near-bit gauge stabilizer, and one or
more drill collars. Used to build angle after an initial kick off. (Bul D20)
SHORT STRING – In a dual well, the tubing string for the shallower zone. (ITOGP)
SHOOT – Pass a short-time pulse of high current through a conductor. (RP 5A5)
SHOOTING NIPPLE ASSEMBLY – A fabricated length of pipe equipped with a wireline
blowout preventer and packoff installed above the blowout preventer stack to accommodate
removal of logging or perforating tools and for protection against unexpected pressure while
performing through-casing wireline operations. (RP 57)
SHOT – The measurement taken or the survey reading taken as a picture or as a punched hole on
a chart (refer to “Picture”). (Bul D20)
SHOT – Short-time pulse of current. (RP 5A5)
SHOT FIELD – Residual magnetic field induced by a short impulse of magnetizing current.
Often it is generated using a battery or capacitor discharge magnetizer. (RP 5A5)
SHOULD – Denotes a “recommended practice(s)” (1) where a safe comparable alternative
practice(s) is available; (2) that may be impractical under certain circumstances; or (3) that may
be unnecessary under certain circumstances. (RP 49)
SHOULD – For the purpose of this document, indicates a recommended practice (1) where an
alternative practice(s) that is equally safe is available, or (2) that may be impractical under
certain circumstances, or (3) that may be unnecessary for personnel safety and health under
certain circumstances. (RP 54)
SHOULD – Indicates that: (1) the function may have an alternate practice that is equivalent and
should be applied; or (2) the practice may not be practical or necessary under certain conditions;
or (3) the practice may not be applicable to the specific facility or configuration. (RP T1, RP T4)
SHOULD – This word indicates that the rule is a recommendation, the advisability of which
depends on the facts in each situation. (Spec 2C)
SHOULDER – A condition where an excess of metal appears adjacent to the last thread in one or
more places around the circumference. Usually an excessive amount of black threads appear
opposite the shouldered area. This condition may also be known as “hooked threads.” (Bul 5T1,
RP 5A5)
SHOULDER (THREAD PROFILE) – See Step. (Bul 5T1)
SHRINKAGE – A decrease in oil volume caused by the vaporization of solution gas from the oil
as pressure is reduced. (ITOGP)
SHUT IN – To close valves on a well so that it stops producing; said of a well on which the
valves are closed. (ITOGP)
SHUT-IN BOTTOM-HOLE PRESSURE – The pressure existing at the bottom of a well when
the well is completely closed. (See Formation Pressure.) (WLOP)
SHUT-IN PRESSURE – Pressure as recorded at the wellhead when the valves are closed and the
well is shut in. (ITOGP)
SHUTDOWN VALVE (SDV) – An automatically operated normally closed valve used for
isolating a process station. (RP 14C)
SHUTDOWN VALVE – An automatically operated valve used for isolating a process
component or process system. (RP 14E)
SIDE-DOOR MANDREL – See Gas-lift Mandrel. (WLOP)
SIDE LOADING – A load applied at an angle to the vertical plane of the boom. (Spec 2C)
SIDE-POCKET MANDREL – See Gas-lift Mandrel. (WLOP)
SIDE TENSION – Tensioning of a screening surface across the direction of material flow. (Bul
13C)
SIDE TRACK – An operation performed to redirect the wellbore by starting a new hole at a
position above the bottom of the original hole. (Bul D20)
SIDE TRACKING – Usually drilling past an obstacle which has become permanently lodged in
the hole. (Bul 10C)
SIDE-RACKING POCKET – An enlargement of one side of the wellbore made to facilitate
changing the direction of the wellbore. The wellbore enlargement is usually accomplished by use
of jetting action. (Bul D20)
SIDETRACKING – See Whipstock. (Bul D11)
SIEVE – See Preferred Term: Testing Sieve. (Bul 13C)
SIEVE ANALYSIS – See Screen Analysis. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SIEVE ANALYSIS – See related Term: Particle Size Distribution. A statement by particle size
and percentages of the amount of material in various particle size groupings. (Bul 13C)
SIGNAL – A response of electronic NDT equipment to a pipe imperfection or defect. (RP 5A5)
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO – The ratio of amplitudes of indications from the smallest defect
considered significant and those caused by random factors, such as heterogeneity in grain size,
etc. (RP 2X)
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO – The ratio of signals generated from surface noise to the signal
from a significant flaw or defect. (RP 5A5)
SILICA FLOUR – A fine powder manufactured by grinding sand to a particle size in the range
of about 0.074 mm to 0.044 mm. It is added to cementing formulations to prevent cement
strength deterioration in high temperature well applications. (Bul 10C)
SILICA GEL – A porous substance consisting of SiO3. Used on occasion as a dehydrating agent
in air or gas drilling where small amount of water is encountered. (Bul D11)
SILICA SAND – A high purity graded sand of a particle size in the range of about 0.210 mm to
0.088 mm. It is used in cementing formulations where a high density slurry with strength
deterioration protection from high temperatures is required. (Bul 10C)
SILICATE – A compound containing Si) = which may be used for the prevention of metal
corrosion caused by oxygen. (COGWE, SSWID)
SILT – Materials that exhibit little or no swelling whose particle size generally falls between 2
microns and 74 microns (200-mesh). A certain portion of dispersed clays and barite for the most
part also fall into this same particle-size range. (Bul D11)
SIMPSON’S RULE METHOD – Uses as many measured angle values as are available (a
minimum of three sets) to recreate the wellbore path through Simpson’s rule for numeric
integration, which approximates by passing a parabola through three points. (Bul D20)
SINGLE – One joint of drill pipe, tubing, or rods. (RP 54)
SINGLE-SHOT SURVEY – A measurement of the inclination and direction of a wellbore at one
position with one recording. (Bul D20)
SINGLE THREAD – A thread having lead equal to the pitch. (RP 5B1)
SINKER BAR – A heavy weight or bar run with a wireline tool to add weight so that the tool
will lower properly into the well. (ITOGP)
SINKER BAR – A heavy weight or bar placed in the wireline tool string. The bar adds weight
so that the tool will lower properly through the well fluids. (WLOP)
SINKING – A method of controlling oil spills that employs an agent to entrap oil droplets and
sink them to the bottom of the body of water. The oil and sinking agent are eventually
biologically degraded. (Bul D11)
SINTERED CARBIDES – Most commonly, iron, chromium, or tungsten carbides bonded
together with nickel or cobalt. (COGWE, SSWID)
SINTERING – Property that indicates the degree of boding of ice blocks as a function of contact
pressure, temperature and time where the voids are either air or snow. (Bul 2N)
SKELP – The rolled steel sheet used in the making of ERW pipe. (RP 5A5)
SKEW ANGLE – The angle by which the beam deviates right or left relative to its normal path
in front of the transducer, due to curvature effects. (RP 2X)
SKEW (DIRECTIONAL DRILLING) – The angular difference between the wellbore direction
and the formation dip direction. (Bul D20)
SKID – Moving a rig from one location to another, usually on tracks where little dismantling is
required. (Bul D11)
SKIMMER TANK – A produced water processing tank designed to skim oil from the surface of
the water. (ITOGP)
SKIMMING – The mechanical removal of oil or scum from the surface of water. (Bul D11)
SKIP DISTANCE – The surface distance required for an angle beam to traverse the metal
thickness, be reflected form the far side, and return to the original surface. (RP 2X)
SLAG INCLUSIONS – Non-metallic solid material entrapped in the weld deposit or between
weld metal and base metal. (Bul 5T1)
SLANT HOLE – A non-vertical hole; usually refers to a wellbore purposely inclined in a
specific direction; also used to define a wellbore which is non-vertical at the surface. (Bul D20)
SLANT PORTION OF A WELL – The straight portion of the wellbore that is not vertical; the
“locked-in” angled portion of the wellbore. (Bul D20)
SLANT RIG (SLANT-HOLE RIG) – Drilling rig specifically designed to a drill a wellbore
which is non-vertical at the surface; the mast is slanted and special pipe handling equipment is
needed. (Bul D20)
SLANT-TYPE DIRECTIONAL HOLE – Usually refers to a wellbore which has a vertical
section, an angle-build section, and an angled-but-straight section to total depth (refer to
“Straight-in Directional Hole”). Also used to define a wellbore which is non-vertical at the
surface (refer to “Slant Hole”). (Bul D20)
SLENDERNESS RATIO (KLt/r) –The ratio of the effective length of a member to the radius of
gyration of the member. (Bul 2N)
SLEWING – See Swing. (Spec 2C)
SLICK LINE – A smooth, single-strand, high-strength, steel wire used in wireline operations.
(RP 57)
SLICK LINE – See Solid Wire Line. (WLOP)
SLIDING-SLEEVE NIPPLE – A special device placed in a string of tubing which can be
operated by a wireline tool to open or close orifices (openings) to permit circulation between the
tubing and annulus. It may also be used to open or shut off production from various intervals in
a well. (WLOP)
SLING – An assembly which connects the load to the material handling equipment. (Spec 2C)
SLIP RAM PREVENTER – A ram blowout preventer with pipe slips that, when engaged,
prevent movement of the pipe but does not control flow. (RP 57)
SLIP VELOCITY – The difference between the annular velocity of the fluid and the rate at
which a cutting is removed from the hole. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SLIPS – Wedge-shaped pieces of metal with teeth or other gripping elements, used to prevent
pipe from slipping down into the hole or for otherwise holding pipe in place. Packers and other
downhole equipment are secured in position by means of slip that engage the pipe as a result of
action performed at the surface. (ITOGP)
SLIVER – An extremely thin elongated piece of metal that has been rolled into the surface of the
parent metal to which it is attached usually by only one end. (Bul 5T1)
SLIVERS – Loose or torn segments of steel rolled into the bar surface at the mill or formed
during forging. (Spec 11B)
SLOPE – The angle with the horizontal made by the first or top deck screen section(s). Must be
specified as uphill or downhill. (Bul 13C)
SLOT – A manmade cut in an ice sheet. May be wet (completely through the ice), partially
refrozen, or dry (partially through the ice). (Bul 2N)
SLOUGHING – The partial or complete collapse of the walls of a hole resulting from
incompetent, unconsolidated formations, high angle of repose, and wetting along internal
bedding planes. See Heaving. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SLOW SAND FILTER – A very large filtering unit containing said. The fluid flows through the
sand bed very slowly because of the large bed size. Generally, these filters are too large to be
economically practical. (SSWID)
SLUDGE – See Preferred Term: Underflow. (Bul 13C)
SLUDGE – A deposit formed in one place which may be deposited in another place (low flow
rate areas – tanks or vessels or bends in lines). (SSWID)
SLUG-FLOW – See Heading. (WT)
SLUG THE PIPE – A procedure before pulling the drill pipe whereby a small quantity of
heaving drilling fluid is pumped into the top section to cause an unbalanced column. As the pipe
is pulled, the heavier column in the drill pipe will fall, thus keeping the inside of the drill pipe
dry at the surface when the connection is unscrewed. (Bul D11)
SLURRY – Suspension of solids in water, oil or mixture of both. (Bul 10C)
SLURRY – A mixture and/or suspension of solid particles in one or more liquids. (Bul 13C)
SLURRY DENSITY – The density of a cement slurry expressed in either pounds per gallon
(kg/L) or pounds per cubic foot (g/cm). Bul 10C)
SLURRY VOLUME – The sum of the absolute volumes of solids and liquids that constitute a
slurry. (Bul 10C)
SLURRY WEIGHT – See Slurry Density. (Bul 10C)
SLURRY YIELD – The volume of cement slurry in cubic feet that is obtained from a sack of
cement. (Bul 10C)
SMOOTH ICE – Any area of sea ice that has not been noticeably affected by ice deformation
mechanism. (Also referred to as sheet ice.) (Bul 2N)
SNT – Society for Non-Destructive Testing.
SNUBBING – Pulling or running pipe under pressure through a resilient sealing element where
special equipment is used to apply external force to push the pipe into the well or to control the
pipe movement out of the well. (RP 54, RP 57)
SOAP – The sodium or potassium salt of a high-molecular-weight fatty acid. When containing
some metal other than sodium or potassium, they are called “metallic” soaps. Soaps are
commonly used in drilling fluids to improve lubrication, emulsification, sample size, defoaming,
etc. (Bul D11)
SODA ASH – See Sodium Carbonate. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SODIUM – One of the alkali metal elements with a valence of 1 and an atomic weight of about
23. Numerous sodium compounds (all of which see) are used as additives to drilling fluids. (Bul
D11)
SODIUM BICARBONATE (NaHCO3) – A material used extensively for treating cement
contamination and occasionally other calcium contamination in drilling fluids. (Bul 10C)
SODIUM BICARBONATE (NaHCO3) – A material used extensively for treating cement
contamination and occasionally other calcium contamination in drilling fluids. It is the halfneutralized
sodium salt of carbonic acid. (Bul D11)
SODIUM BICHROMATE (Na2Cr2O7) – Also correctly called “sodium dichromate.” (Bul 10C,
Bul D11)
SODIUM CARBONATE (Na2CO3) – A material used extensively for treating-out various types
of calcium contamination. It is commonly called “soda ash.” (Bul 10C)
SODIUM CARBONATE (Na2CO3) – A material used extensively for treating out various types
of calcium contamination. It is commonly called “soda ash.” When sodium carbonate is added
to a fluid, it increases the pH of the fluid by hydrolysis. Sodium carbonate can be added to salt
(NaCl) water to increase the density of the fluid phase. (Bul D11)
SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE – Commonly called CMC. Available in various
viscosity grades and purity. An organic material used to control filtration, suspend weighting
material, and build viscosity in drilling fluids (abbr. CMC). Bul 10C)
SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE – Commonly called CMC. Available in various
viscosity grades and purity. An organic material used to control filtration, suspend weighting
material, and build viscosity in drilling fluids. Used in conjunction with bentonite where lowsolids
drilling fluids are desired. (Bul D11)
SODIUM CHLORIDE – NaCl. (Bul 10C)
SODIUM CHLORIDE (NaCl) – Commonly known as salt. Salt may be present in the drilling
fluid as a contaminant or may be added for any of several reasons. See Salt. (Bul D11)
SODIUM CHROMATE (Na2CrO4) – See Chromate. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SODIUM CHROMATE (Na2CrO4) – An inorganic water-soluble chromium compound useful as
an inhibitor of iron corrosion caused by oxygen. (COGWE, SSWID)
SODIUM DICHROMATE (Na2Cr2O7) – Sodium chromate in acid systems. (COGWE)
SODIUM DICHROMATE (Na2Cr2O7) – Sodium chromate in acid systems. Also a corrosion
inhibitor. (SSWID)
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOH) – Commonly referred to as “caustic” or “caustic soda.” A
chemical used primarily to impart a higher pH. Bul D11)
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOH) – Commonly referred to as “caustic” or “caustic soda.”
SODIUM NITRITE (NaNO2) – An inorganic water-soluble chemical useful as an inhibitor of
iron corrosion caused by oxygen. (COGWE, SSWID)
SODIUM POLYACRYLATE – A synthetic, high molecular weight, hydrolyzed polymer of
acrylonitrile. (Bul 10C)
SODIUM POLYACRYLATE – A synthetic high-molecular-weight polymer of acrylonitrile
used primarily as a fluid-loss-control agent. (Bul D11)
SODIUM SILICATE MUDS – Special class of inhibited chemical drilling fluids using as their
bases sodium silicate, salt, water, and clay. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SOFT LINE – A fiber rope. (ITOGP)
SOL – A general term for colloidal dispersions, as distinguished from true solutions. (Bul D11)
SOLID WIRE LINE – A special wire line of very strong steel, usually 0.066 to 0.092 inch in
diameter. (Sometimes referred to as “slick line.”) (WLOP)
SOLIDS – All particles of matter in the drilling fluid, i.e., drilled formation cuttings, barite, etc.
(Bul 13C)
SOLIDS CONCENTRATION OR CONTENT – The total amount of solids in a drilling fluid as
determined by distillation includes both the dissolved and the suspended or undissolved solids.
The suspended-solids content may be a combination of high and low specific gravity solids and
native or commercial solids. Examples of dissolved solids are the soluble salts of sodium,
calcium, and magnesium. Suspended solids make up the wall cake; dissolved solids remain in the
filtrate. The total suspended and dissolved solids contents are commonly expressed as percent by
the volume, and less commonly as percent by weight. (Bul D11)
SOLIDS DISCHARGE – That stream from a liquid solids separator containing a higher
percentage of solids than does the feed. (Bul 13C)
SOLIDS DISCHARGE CAPACITY – The maximum rate at which a liquid-solids separator can
discharge solids without overloading. (Bul 13C)
SOLUBILITY – The degree to which a substance will dissolve in a particular solvent. (Bul 10E,
Bul D11)
SOLUBILITY – The quality of being soluble; capability of being dissolved in a fluid. (SSWID)
SOLUBLE OILS – Compounds which may possess corrosion-inhibition properties, are
dispersible in water, and are soluble in oil. (COGWE, SSWID)
SOLUTE – A substance which is dissolved in another (the solvent). (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SOLUTION – A mixture of two or more components that form a homogenous single phase. (Bul
10C)
SOLUTION – A mixture of two or more components that form a homogeneous single phase.
Example solutions are solids dissolved in liquid, liquid in liquid, gas in liquid. (Bul D11)
SOLUTION GAS – Natural gas dissolved in crude oil and held under pressure in the oil in a
reservoir. See Solution-Gas Drive. (ITOGP)
SOLUTION GAS – Gas produced with liquid which was in solution in liquid in the formation.
Reduction in pressure permits gas to separate (break out). See Gas Breakout. (WT)
SOLUTION-GAS DRIVE – A natural drive mechanism where an oil reservoir derives its energy
for production from the expansion of the natural gas in solution in the oil. Also called Dissolved-
Gas Drive and Depletion Drive. (ITOGP)
SOLVENT – Liquid used to dissolve a substance (the solute). Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SONIC – Sound pulses used in various instruments to determine sound travel times from which
densities may be calculated, fluid levels in wells determined, and many other applications. (WT)
SOP – An acronym for Standard Operating Procedures. (RP 5A5)
SORPTION – A term including both adsorption and absorption. Sorption is basic to many
processes used to remove gaseous and particulate pollutants from an emission and to clean up oil
spills. (Bul D11)
SOUNDNESS – A measure of the expansive properties of a cement as determined by the
autoclave expansion test given in ASTM C 151: Test for autoclave expansion of Portland
Cement. (Bul 10C)
SOUR CRUDE OIL (SOUR CRUDE) – An oil containing free sulphur or other sulphur
compounds whose total sulphur content is in excess of one percent. (ITOGP)
SOUR ENVIRONMENTS – Fluids containing water as a liquid and hydrogen sulfide are
considered sour environments and may cause sulfide stress cracking of susceptible materials.
This phenomenon is affected by complex interactions of parameters including: (1) metal
chemical composition, strength, heat treatment, and microstructure; (2) pH; (3) hydrogen sulfide
concentration and total pressure;) 4) total tensile stress; (5) temperature; (6) time. The user shall
determine the environment conditions in which the metallic materials are to meet the
requirements of this Standard. The following guidelines are offered to assist the user in making
this judgment.
Sour Gas – Materials shall be selected to be resistant to sulfide stress cracking or the
environment should be controlled if the gas being handled is at a total pressure of 65 psia (448
Mpa) or greater and if the partial pressure of hydrogen sulfide in the gas is greater than 0.05 psi
(0.34 Kpa). Systems operating below 65 psia total pressure or below 0.05 psia hydrogen sulfide
partial pressure are outside the scope of this Standard. Partial pressure is determined by
multiplying the mol fraction (mol percent divided by 100) of hydrogen sulfide in the gas by the
total system pressure. Figure C.1 provides a convenient means of determining whether the partial
pressure of hydrogen sulfide in a sour environment exceeds 0.05 psia. Examples: (1) partial
pressure of hydrogen sulfide in a system containing 0.01 mol percent hydrogen sulfide (100 ppm
or 6.7 grains per 100 SCF) at a total pressure of 1000 psia exceeds 0.05 psia (Point A on Figure
C.1), and (2) partial pressure of hydrogen sulfide in a system containing 0.005 mol percent
hydrogen sulfide (50 ppm or 3.3 grains per SCF) at a total pressure of 200 psia does not exceed
0.05 psia (Point B on Figure C.1).
Sour Oil and Multiphases – Sour crude oil systems which have operated satisfactorily using offthe-
shelf equipment are outside the scope of this Standard when the fluids being handled are
either crude oil or two- or three-phase crude, water, and gas when: (1) the maximum gas/liquid
ratio is 500 SF/bbl; (2) the gas phase contains a maximum of 15% hydrogen sulfide; (3) the
partial pressure of hydrogen sulfide in the gas phase is a maximum of 10 psia (69 kPa); and (4)
the surface operating pressure is a maximum of 265 psia (1.8 Mpa) (see Figure C.2). The
satisfactory service of off-the-shelf equipment in these low pressure systems is believe to be a
result of the inhibitive defect of the oil and the low stresses encountered under the low pressure
conditions. (RP 49)
SOUR GAS – Natural gas containing hydrogen sulfide. (ITOGP)
SOURCE – The origin of radiation; an X-ray tube or a radioisotope. (RP 5A)
SOURING – A term commonly used to mean fermentation. See Fermentation. (Bul D11)
SPACE – See Location. (RP 500B)
SPACING – Distance between wells producing from the same reservoir (usually expressed in
terms of acres, e.g., 10-acre spacing). (ITOGP)
SPALLING – Flaking off in small chips. (COGWE, SSWID)
SPARK ARRESTOR – A device placed on the exhaust of the stack to prevent sparks from being
emitted to the outside atmosphere. It normally consists of a metallic wire screen attached across
the top diameter of the stack. (Spec 12K)
SPEAR – A fishing tool designed to go inside pipe that is lost in a well to obtain a friction grip
and permit recovery of the pipe. (ITOGP)
SPECIAL PROCESSES – Operations which convert or affect material properties. (Spec 16A,
Spec Q1)
SPECIAL SERVICES – Those operations utilizing specialized equipment and personnel to
perform work processes to support well drilling and servicing operations. (RP 54)
SPECIALIST – Person capable of formulating a UT Procedure (e.g., ASNT Level III). (RP 2X)
SPEED – The frequency at which a vibrating screen operates, usually expressed in RPM or
CPM; the bowl rpm of a decanting centrifuge; the rotor rpm of a perforated cylinder centrifuge.
(Bul 13C)
SPECIFIC ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE – A characteristic which acts to determine the amount of
reflection which occurs at an interface and represents the product of the density of the medium in
which the wave is propagating and the wave velocity. (RP 2X)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY – See Gravity, Specific. (Bul D11. Bul 10C)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY – The ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume
of a standard substance. Water is the standard for liquids and air is the stand for gases. (GL)
SPECIFIC HEAT – The number of calories required to raise 1 gram of a substance 1 degree
Celsius at a specified temperature. (Bul 10C)
SPECIFIC HEAT – The number of calories required to raise 1 g of a substance 1 deg Centigrade.
The specific heat of a drilling fluid gives an indication of the fluid’s ability to keep the bit cool
for a given circulation rate. (Bul D11)
SPHERICITY – Particles sphericity is a measure of how close a sand particle or grain
approaches the shape of a sphere. (RP 56)
SPHEROIDIZED CARBIDES – Iron carbides in steel present as tiny round spheres. (COGWE,
SSWID)
SPIRAL DRILL COLLAR – Drill collar on which large grooves have been machined on the
outer diameter in a helical or spiral configuration. (Bul D20)
SPIRAL WELD PIPE – Pipe having a helical seam produced by automatic submerged-arc
welding. At least one pass shall be made on the inside and at least one pass on the outside. (Spec
5L)
SPIRALED WELLBORE – A wellbore which has attained a changing configuration as of a
spiral or helical form. (Bul D20)
SPLASH ZONE – The part of the structure subjected to periodic wetting and drying due to rides,
waves, and spray. (Bul 2N)
SPLIT DECK – See Preferred Term: Divided Deck. (Bul 13C)
SPOIL – Dirt or rock that has been removed from its original location (Bul D11)
SPOOL – A pressure containing piece of equipment having API end connections, used below or
between equipment functioning to space apart, adapt, or provide outlets in an equipment
assembly. When outlet connections are provided, they shall be API connections. (Spec 16A)
SPPE – The process or control equipment whose primary function is safety or the prevention of
pollution in offshore oil and gas operations. (RP 14B, Spec 14A)
SPRAY DISCHARGE – The characteristic underflow of certain hydrocyclones discharging t the
atmosphere and not overloaded with separate solids. (Bul 13C)
SPREADER(S) – A device or system designed to distribute the incoming emulsion as uniformly
as practical through the cross section of the vertical or horizontal shell. (Spec 12L)
SPRING LOADED VALVE – A gas lift valve which uses a spring to provide the closing force
for the valve (GL)
SPRINGING – The high frequency vertical vibration of the TLP spring-mass system excited by
cyclic loading at or near the TLP pitch or heave resonant periods. (RP 2T)
SPUD BIT – In directional drilling, a special bit used to change the direction and inclination of
the wellbore. (Bul D20)
SPUD MUD – The fluid used when drilling starts at the surface, often a thick bentonite-lime
slurry. (Bul D11)
SPUDDING IN – The starting of the drilling operations of a new hole. (Bul D11)
SPURT LOSS – See Surge Loss. (Bul D11)
SQUARE DRILL COLLAR – A drill collar fabricated with the outer cross section in the form of
a square; the corners are normally rounded off. (Bul D20)
SQUARE MESH – Wire cloth with mesh count the same in both directions. (Bul 13C)
SQUEEZE – A procedure whereby slurries of cement, drilling fluid, gunk plug, etc., are forced
into the formation by pumping into the hole while maintaining a back pressure, usually by
closing the rams. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SQUEEZE CEMENTING – The process of forcing cementing material under pressure into a
specific portion of a well, such as fractures, openings, or permeable zones.
Hesitation-Squeeze Cementing – The process of forcing cementing material under pressure into
the points to be squeezed with a final pressure equal to or greater than the formation breakdown
pressure and with a final temperature equal to the bottom hole static temperature.
High Pressure Squeeze Cementing – The forcing of cement slurry into the desired position with a
final pressure equal to or greater than the formation fracture pressure.
Low Pressure Squeeze Cementing – The forcing of cement slurry into the desired position with a
pressure less than the formation fracture pressure. (Bul 10C)
SSCSV – Subsurface controlled subsurface safety valve – an SSSV actuated by the pressure
characteristics of the well. These devices are usually actuated by differential pressure through the
SSCSV (Velocity Type) or by tubing pressure at the SSCSV (High or Low Tubing Pressure
Types). (RP 14B, Spec 14A)
SSSV – Subsurface safety valve – A device installed in a well below the wellhead with the
design function to prevent uncontrolled well flow when actuated. These devices can be installed
and retired by wireline (Wireline Retrievable) and/or pump down methods (TFL-Thru Flow
Line) or be an integral part of the tubing string (Tubing Retrievable). (RP 14B, Spec 14A)
SSSV ASSEMBLY – A SSSV and safety valve lock. This term shall include only the SSSV
when referring to tubing retrievable type SSSVs. (RP 14B, Spec 14A)
SSSV EQUIPMENT – The SSSV, safety valve lock and safety valve landing nipple and related
downhole accessories. (RP 14B, Spec 14A)
SSSV System – The down-hole components, including the SSSV, safety valve lock, landing
nipple, flow couplings and any required control components. (RP 14B)
SSU – Saybolt Seconds Universal.
SSV/USV ACTUATOR – The device which causes the SSV/USV valve to open when power is
supplied and to automatically close when power is lost or released. (RP 14H, Spec 14D)
SSV/USV VALVE – The portion of the SSV/USV which contains the wellstream and shuts off
flow when closed. (RP 14H, Spec 14D)
STAB – To guide the end of a pipe into a coupling when making up a connection. (ITOGP)
STABILIZER – A tool placed in the drilling assembly to: (1) change or maintain the inclination
angle in a wellbore by controlling the location of the contact point between the hole and drill
collars, (2) center the drill collars near the bit to improve drilling performance, and/or (3) prevent
wear and differential sticking of the drill collars. (Bul D20)
STABBING A VALVE – Aligning and screwing a valve onto the end of a pipe. (RP 54)
STABBING BOARD – Temporary platform in the derrick on which employee works while
casing is being run to aid in guiding a tubular joint into another joint for makeup. (RP 54)
STABILITY METER – An instrument to measure the breakdown voltage of invest emulsions.
(Bul D11)
STABILIZATION – Continuous operation to a time when conditions remain at a constant or
unfluctuating level, or t a time when fluctuating conditions follow a definite repetitive sequence.
(WT)
STABILIZED – A well is considered “stabilized” when, in the case of a flowing well, the rate of
production through a given size of choke remains constant, or, in the case of a pumping well,
when the fluid column within the well remains constant in height. (ITOGP)
STABILIZER TYPES
Rotating Blade – Stabilizer with the largest outside diameter sections composed of narrow blades
extending from the stabilizer body, (i.e., welded blade, replaceable blade, integral blade, etc).
Non-rotating Blade – Stabilizer used to center drill stem in the wellbore without reaming the
hole. Stabilizer ribs, usually of rubber, will not wear out rapidly since rotation occurs between
the sleeve and a mandrel.
Full-body, Spiral-grooved – Full-gauge long stbailizer with sets of spiral grooves cut along the
full body length.
Round-fluted – Round integral blade stabilizer milled and machined from a solid forging to
produce flutes and grooves on the outer diameter. (Bul D20)
STACK – A vertical pipe on the exhausted end of the firetube which exhausts the products of
combustion and creates draft through the firetube. (RP 12N)
STACK DOWNDRAFT DIVERTER – A device attached to the top of the stack designed to
reduce the effects of wind currents on the burner system. (Spec 12K)
STACK FLAME ARRESTOR – A device placed on the exhaust of the stack to prevent
propagation of flame from inside the firetube to the outside atmosphere. It normally consists of a
corrugated aluminum or stainless steel cell mounted in a metal housing which attaches to the top
of the stack. (Spec 12K)
STACK RAIN SHIELD – A device attached to the top of the stack to prevent rain from falling
directly into the stack. It may also serve as a stack downdraft diverter. (Spec 12K)
STACKING A RIG – Storing a drilling upon completion of a job when the rig is to be
withdrawn from operation for a period of time. (Bul D11)
STAGE SEPARATION – An operation hereby well fluids are separated into component liquids
and gases by passing consecutively through two o more separators. The operating pressure of
each succeeding separator is lower than the one preceding it. (ITOGP)
STAINLESS STEEL – (1) Non-magnetic (austenitic): An alloy of over 16 percent chromium,
over 7 percent nickel, and iron. Manganese can be used to partially replace nickel. (2) Magnetic
(ferritic): an alloy of over 11 percent chromium and iron. (COGWE, SSWID)
STAND OF PIPE – One, two, three, or sometimes four joints of pipe screwed together and
sometimes referred to as a single, double, thribble, or fourble, respectively. (RP 54)
STANDARD – A prescribed set of voluntary rules, conditions, or requirements concerned with
the definition of terms; classification of components; delineation of procedures; specification of
dimensions; construction criteria, materials, performance, design, or operations; measurement of
quality and quantity in describing materials, products, systems, services, or practices; or
descriptions of fit and measurement of size. Standards is an all-inclusive term denoting
Specifications, Recommended Practices and Bulletins. (Bul S1)
STANDARD – An all inclusive term covering Specifications, Recommended Practices and
Bulletins. (RP 14B, Spec 14A)
STANDARDIZATION – The adjustment of instruments, prior to use, to an arbitrary reference
value. (RP 5A5)
STANDARDIZATION CHECK – A check of the standardization adjustments to ensure that they
remain correct. (RP 5A5)
STANDING FLUID LEVEL – Static or unchanging level of fluid in a wellbore. (WT)
STANDING (GUY) WIRE ROPE – A supporting non-operating wire rope which maintains a
constant distance between the points of attachment to the two components connected by the wire
rope. (Spec 2C)
STANDING VALVE – A fixed ball and seat valve situated at the lower end of the barrel of a
sucker-rod pump. The standing valve and its cage do not move as does the traveling valve.
(ITOGP)
STANDING WAVE – A wave in which the energy flux is zero at all points. Such waves in
elastic bodies result from the interaction of similar trains of waves running in the opposite
direction and are usually due to reflected waves meeting those which are advancing. (RP 2X)
STANDOFF –The longitudinal axial distance between specified reference points. A distance
from the coupling face to the vanish point on the pipe. (RP 5A5)
STANDOFF – The axial distance between specified reference points. A distance from coupling
face to vanish point to the pipe. (RP 5B1)
STANDS – Connected joints of pipe racked in the derrick when making a trip. (ITOGP)
STARCH – A group of carbohydrates occurring in many plant cells. Starch is specially
processed (pregelatinized) or use in drilling fluids to reduce filtration rate and occasionally to
increase the viscosity. Without proper protection, starch can ferment. (Bul D11)
STATIC – Opposite of dynamic. See Quiescence. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
STATIC BOTTOMHOLE PRESSURE – The pressure at formation depth in a well after the well
is shut-in and the pressures have been stabilized. (GL)
STATIC FLUID LEVEL – The level to which fluid rises in a well when the well is shut in.
(ITOGP)
STATIC FLUID LEVEL –The depth below the surface to which reservoir fluids will rise when
the producing conduit is open to atmospheric pressure. (GL)
STATIC HOOK LOAD – See Maximum Rated Static Hook Load. (Spec 4F)
STATIC PRESSURE – The force exerted by a fluid at rest and confined within a tank, line or
well as measured by a gage. (ITOGP)
STATION BILL – A posted list which sets forth the special duties and duty stations of each
member of the personnel of a manned platform for emergencies, including a fire. (PR 14G)
STATION INTERVAL – The length of the course with one end at the depth described as the
station course length. (Bul D20)
STB – Stock tank barrel. The volume of oil, water or total liquid as measured in the stock tank.
(GL)
STB – Stock tank barrels. (WT)
STB/D – Stock tank barrels per day. (WT)
STBO – Stock Tank Barrels Oil (BBL)
STEADY-STATE PHASE FLOW – An equation of flow in which time is assumed to have no
significance. (SSWID)
STEAM RIG – A rotary drilling rig with steam boilers and stream-driven equipment. (Bul D10)
STEARATE – Salt of stearic acid, which is a saturated, 18-carbon fatty acid. Certain
compounds, such as aluminum stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, have been used in drilling
fluids for one or more of the following purposes: defoamer, lubrication, air drilling in which a
small amount of water is encountered, etc. (Bul D11)
STEEL – An alloy of iron and carbon having two main constituents – iron and iron carbide.
(COGWE, SSWID)
STEERING READOUT – Directional instrument indication of the drilling tool alignment taken
while drilling (refer to “MST Tool” and “EYE Tool”). (Bul D20)
STEP – A specific condition of improper thread form that exhibits an abrupt machining deviation
above or below the normal thread profile. (Bul 5T1)
STEP DECK – A series of screening surfaces, each located in progressively lower parallel planes
along the vibrating screen. (Bul 13C)
STIFF HOOKUP – A well-stabilized, rigid bottomhole assembly to maintain inclination and
direction of the hole; opposite to limber hookup. (Bul D20)
STIFFENED PANEL – Structural component comprising one or two sets of equally spaced
uniform stiffeners of equal cross section supporting a thin plate. If there is only one set of
stiffeners the panel is uniaxially stiffened, and if there are two the panel is orthogonally stiffened.
(Bul 2V)
STIFFENER – Straight and slender thin walled member of uniform cross section containing at
lest one plane of symmetry, which serves as a stiffening element for a flat plate structure. (Bul
2V)
STIFFNESS – Quality or state of being rigid, resistance to bending under stresses within the
elastic limit. (Bul D20)
STIMULATION – The descriptive term used for several processes to enlarge old channels, or
create new ones, in the producing formation of a well, i.e., ACIDIZING or FRACTURING.
(ITGOP)
STITCHING – Variation in the properties of the weld occurring at short regular intervals along
the weld line due to repetitive variation in welding heat. The variation in properties gives rise to
a regular pattern of light and dark areas visible only when the weld is broken in the weld line.
(Bul 5T1)
STOCK TANK – A tank for holding the produced liquids at atmospheric pressure prior to
pumping them elsewhere. (GL)
STOCK TANK – A lease tank into which a well’s production is run. (ITOGP)
STOCK TANK – Storage vessel to receive saleable oil production from a well or lease and store
until sold to purchaser. (WT)
STOCK-TANK GAS-OIL RATIO – The ratio of separator gas rate to stock-tank oil rate,
expressed as cubic feet of separator gas per barrel of stock-tank oil. (RP 44)
STOCK-TANK OIL – The hydrocarbon liquid (oil or condensate) which is collected in a
surface storage tank at atmospheric pressure after the produced well fluid has been processed
through a gas-oil separation system. (RP 44)
STOKING – Refer to “Methods of Orientation.” (Bul D20)
STRAIGHT BEAM – A vibrating pulse wave train traveling normal to the test surface. (RP 2X)
STRAIGHT-HOLE DOWNHOLE MOTOR – A downhole motor designed to drill straight
ahead; usually a straight-hole ahead; usually a straight-hole motor that is longer, larger and
provides more torque than does a “directional” downhole motor. (Bul D20)
STRAIGHT-HOLE TURBODRILL – Refer to “Straighthole Downhole Motor.” (Bul D20)
STRAIGHT-IN DIRECTIONAL HOLE – Wellbore with a build and a straight locked-in section.
There is no drop-off section. (Bul D20)
STRAIGHT MECHANICAL DRIVE – Internal-combustion engines connected to leads by
clutches which can be slipped a moderate amount. (Bul D10)
STRAIGHT WELLBORE – Wellbore drilled with the intention to proceed in a non-changing
direction. (Bul D20)
STRAP – To measure and record the dimensions of oil tanks for the purpose of preparing a tank
table to accurately determine the volume of oil in a tank at any measured depth. (ITOGP)
STRATIFICATION – The phenomenon occurring when a body of water becomes divided into
distinguishable layers. (Bul D11)
STRATIFICATION – The natural layering or lamination usually characteristic of sediments and
sedimentary rocks. (Bul D20)
STRATIGRAPHIC (CORE) TEST – A stratigraphic test in a drilling effort, geologically
directed, to obtain information pertaining to specific geological conditions that might lead to the
discovery of an accumulation of hydrocarbons. Such wells are drilled without the expectation of
being completed for hydrocarbon production. This classification also includes tests identified as
core tests by some operators. (Bul 12A)
STREAMING POTENTIAL – The electrokinetic portion of the SP (spontaneous potential)
electric-log curve which can be significantly influenced by the characteristics of the filtrate and
mud cake of the drilling fluid that was used to drill the well. (Bul D11)
STREAMLINE FLOW – See Laminar Flow. (Bul D11)
STRENGTH RETROGRESSION – The decline with age of strength of the hardened cement
slurry. This may occur at temperatures above a critical temperature. (Bul 10C)
STRESS – The load per unit area. (RP 5A5)
STRESS CORROSION CRACKING – The cracking which results from a combination or
corrosion and stress when certain susceptible materials are exposed to specific corrosive media.
(RP 14H, Spec 14A, Spec 14D)
STRESS RELIEF – Controlled heating of material to a predetermined temperature for the
purpose of reducing any residual stresses after welding. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
STRESS RELIEVED – The residual stresses are significantly reduced by post weld heat
treatment. (Bul 2U)
STRESS REVERSAL – Change in stress from tension to compression, or vice versa. (Bul D20)
STRETCH MILL INDENTATION – Localized thinning of the pipe body wall – usually located
on the inside surface. (Bul 5T1)
STRIKE PLATE – Extra piece of metal to protect the bottom of a tank from plumb-bob at end of
gager’s tape. (COGWE, SSWID)
STRING – Refers to the casing, tubing, or drill pipe in its entirety, i.e., the casing string, etc.
(ITOGP)
STRING REAMER – Reamer placed within the drill stem assembly that will increase the
diameter of any keyseat through which it passes; used to remove doglegs and keyseats and to
straighten the wellbore. (Bul D20)
STRING STABILIZER – Stabilizer placed anywhere in the drill stem assembly above the nearbit
stabilizer. (Bul D20)
STRINGER STIFFENED – A member with longitudinal stiffeners. (Bul 2U)
STRIP A WELL – To pull rods and tubing from a well at the same time. Tubing must be
“stripped” over the rods a joint at a time. (ITOGP)
STRIP CHART – In lieu of the circular chart for recording gas flow through an office meter,
strip charts are sometimes used. (ITOGP)
STRIPPER – A well nearing depletion that produces a very small amount of oil or gas. (ITOGP)
STRIPPER – A device with an elastomer packing element that is used to effect a seal in the
annulus. This device is used primarily to run or pull tubulars under low or moderate well
pressure. (RP 57)
STRIPPING – Pulling or running pipe under pressure through a resilient sealing element. (RP
54, RP 57)
STROKE – (See Related Term: Amplitude.) The distance between the extremities of motion;
viz., the diameter of a circular motion. (Bul 13C)
STRUCTURAL COMPETENCE – The ability of the machine and its components to withstand
the stress imposed by applied loads. (Spec 2C)
STRUCTURAL STEEL PIPE – A cylindrical tubular member formed from plate steel with
longitudinal and circumferential butt-welded seams and having a uniform wall thickness. (Spec
2B)
STRUCTURE – An underground geological feature capable of forming a reservoir for oil and
gas. (ITOGP)
STUCK – A condition whereby the drill pipe, casing, or other devices inadvertently become
lodged in the hole. May occur while drilling is in progress, while casing is being run in the hole,
or while the drill pipe is being hoisted. Frequently a fishing job results. (Bul D11)
STUCK PIPE – Refers to pipe or tubing inadvertently stuck in the hole. (ITOGP)
STUCK PIPE – A condition in which the pipe sticks or hangs and cannot be moved. (RP 54)
STUDDED CONNECTIONS – Connections in which thread-anchored studs are screwed into
tapped holes. (Spec 16A)
STUDDED-FLANGE CONNECTIONS – Flanged end and outlet connections in which thread
anchored studs screwed into tapped holes replace the holes for bolt studs. (Spec 6A)
STUFFING BOX – A packing gland; a chamber or “box” to hold packing material around a
moving pump rod, valve stem or wireline to prevent the escape of gas or liquid. (ITOGP)
STUFFING BOX – A packing gland that may be adjusted to allow a wireline or polished rod to
operate through it while containing well pressure and well fluids. (WLOP)
S-TYPE WELL (S-SHAPED WELL) – Well drilled with a vertical portion, a deviated portion,
and a return toward the vertical. (Bul D20)
SUB – A short length of tubing containing a special tool to be used downhole; a short pipe
adaptor. (ITOGP)
SUBMERGED-ARC WELDED PIPE – Pipe having one longitudinal seam formed by automatic
submerged-arc welding. At least one pass shall be made on the inside and at least one pass on the
outside. (Spec 5L)
SUBMERGED ZONE – The part of the structure below the splash zone. (Bul 2N)
SUBSEA DIVERTER – A piping manifold positioned at the top of the drilling riser to divert
formation gas and liquid to an acceptable discharge point, preventing flow to working areas. (RP
2T)
SUBSEA MANIFOLD – The subsea well template may incorporate a subsea manifold when
wells are completed with subsea trees. Here, production fluid is conveyed from the trees via
pipes on the template to a subsea manifold at the base of a production riser. Production fluid may
be commingled at the manifold if the number of subsea wells exceeds the number of production
risers available. (RP 2T)
SUBSEA TREE – A subsea tree is a Christmas tree, wet or dry, placed below the ocean surface.
(RP 6G)
SUBSEA WELL TEMPLATE – A structural frame which provides location and anchor points
for the subsea wellheads, riser systems, and guidance systems. (RP 2T)
SUBSTRUCTURE – Structure on which the derrick and engines sit. May provide space for
wellhead and well control equipment. (RP 54)
SUBSURFACE CONTROLLED SUBSURFACE SAFETY VALVE (SSCSV) – A SSSV
actuated by the pressure characteristics of the well. (RP 14C)
SUBSURFACE DISCONTINUITY OR IMPERFECTION – Any discontinuity that does not
open onto the surface (either ID or OD). (RP 5A5)
SUBSURFACE EQUIPMENT – Equipment put into a well to perform an operation below the
wellhead. (WLOP)
SUBSURFACE SAFETY VALVE (STORM CHOKE) – A safety device installed in the well’s
tubing below the surface to automatically shut the well in when predetermined flow rate,
pressure, or other conditions are reached. (ITOGP)
SUBSURFACE SAFETY VALVE – A device installed in the production tubing in a well below
the wellhead and designed to prevent uncontrolled well flow when actuated. These devices can
be installed and retrieved by wireline (wireline retrievable) and pump down methods or be an
integral part of the tubing string (tubing retrievable). (RP 57)
SUBSURFACE SAFETY VALVE (SSSV) – A device installed in a well below the wellhead
with the design function to prevent uncontrolled well flow when actuated. (PR 14C)
SULFATE RESISTANCE – The ability of a cement to resist deterioration in the presence of
sulfate ions. (Bul 10C)
SULFIDE STRESS CRACKING – The stress corrosion cracking of high strength steels which
results when the corrosive media contains hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Spec 14A)
SULFIDE STRESS CRACKING – The stress corrosion cracking of susceptible materials which
occurs when exposed to wellstreams containing Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in high enough
concentrations. (RP 14H, Spec 14D)
SULFIDE STRESS CRACKING – Cracking of metallic materials due to exposure to hydrogen
sulfide containing fluids. (Spec 6A)
SULFIDE STRESS CRACKING SERVICE – Process streams which contain water or brine and
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in concentrations high enough to induce stress corrosion cracking of
susceptible materials. (RP14E)
SULFUR DIOXIDE – A toxic product of combustion of hydrogen sulfide bearing fluids in
operations such as well flaring or well ignition. This gas is slightly heavier than air. Inhalation at
certain concentrations can lead to injury or death. (RP 49)
SUMMARY OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND ILLNESSES – Annual report form used
to submit experience to the National Safety Council for inclusion in the annual evaluation of
incidence rates and the annual industry rates series of reports to the National Safety Council.
(Bul T5)
SUN-RESISTANT – Ability to withstand exposure to direct sunlight as defined by UL Std. 62,
Safety Standard for Flexible Cord and Fixture Wire. (RP 14F)
SUPERSATURATION – A solution containing a higher concentration of a solute in a solvent
than would normally correspond to its solubility at a given temperature. (Bul 10C)
SUPERSATURATION – If a solution contains a higher concentration of a solute in a solvent
than would normally correspond to its solubility at a given temperature, this constitutes
sueprsaturation. This is an unstable condition, as the excess solute separates when the solution is
seeded by introducing a crystal of the solute. The term “supersaturation” is frequently used
erroneously for hot salt drilling fluids. (Bul D11)
SUPERVISOR – Person who has been given the control, direction, or supervision of work
performed by one or more employees. (RP 54)
SUPPLIER – The manufacturer and/or distributor of the coating material and their authorized
qualified technician. (RP 5L2)
SUPPLIER – Any individual or organization who furnishes materials, products, or services to
the manufacturer. (Spec Q1)
SUPPORT BAR – Member of the screening surface support frame that forms the crown of the
deck. Also knows as bar rail, bridge rail, bucker-up bar, or longitudinal bar. (Bul 13C)
SUPPORT FRAME – A vibrating frame component which supports the screening surface. (Bul
13C)
SUPPORT RUBBER – Resilient member covering the support bar. (Bul 13C)
SURFACE-ACTIVE MATERIALS – See Surfactant. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
SURFACE CASING – The shallowest casing string required to protect fresh water zones, to
provide sufficient pressure control during drilling operations, and to support the wellhead. It is
not to be confused with a drilling conductor pipe nor with a large caisson in an offshore area
which enclosed several separate and unique surface casings at the surface. (Bul 12A)
SURFACE CASING – The first string of casing to be set in a well. Its principal purpose is to
protect fresh water sands. (ITOGP)
SURFACE CASING – Outside and first casing string installed in the wellbore, except for drive
pipe or conductor pipe, to seal off surface sands and provide blowout protection and prevent loss
of circulation while drilling deeper. (RP 54)
SURFACE CONTOURS – Lines of equal elevation drawn on a surface map, resulting in a
topographic map. (SSWID)
SURFACE CONTROL SYSTEM – The surface equipment including manifolding, sensors, and
power source to control the SCSSV. (RP 14B)
SURFACE CONTROLLED SUBSURFACE SAFETY VALVE (SCSSV) – A SSSV controlled
from the surface by hydraulic, electric, mechanical or other means. (RP 14C)
SURFACE DISTANCE – The surface projection of metal path distance. (RP 2X)
SURFACE EQUIPMENT – Equipment used above ground level. (WLOP)
SURFACE PIPE – See Pipe. (Bul 10C)
SURFACE PRESSURE – Pressure measured at the wellhead. (WLOP)
SURFACE SAFETY VALVE (SSV) – An automatic wellhead valve assembly which will close
upon loss of power supply. (RP 14C)
SURFACE SAFETY VALVE (SSV) – An automatic wellhead valve which will close upon loss
of power supply. When used in this specification it includes SSV valve, SSV actuator, and heat
sensitive lockopen device. (RP 14B, RP 14H, Spec 14D)
SURFACE SAFETY VALVE – A Christmas tree valve and actuator assembly designed to
prevent uncontrolled well flow when actuated. (RP 57)
SURFACE SAFETY VALVE – A device mounted in the wellhead assembly that serves to stop
the flow of fluids from the well should damage occur downstream of the well. (WLOP)
SURFACE SPEED – Velocity of transducer shoe over the surface of the pipe. (RP 5A5)
SURFACE TENSION – Generally, the force acting within the interface between a liquid and its
own vapor which tends to maintain the area of the surface at a minimum and is expressed in
dynes per centimeter. (Bul 10C)
SURFACE TENSION – Generally, the force acting within the interface between a liquid and its
own vapor which tends to maintain the area of the surface at a minimum and is expressed in
dynes per centimeter Since the surface tension of a liquid is approximately equal to the
interfacial tension between the liquid and air, it is common practice to refer to values measured
against air as surface tension, and to use the term “interfacial tension” for measurements at an
interface between two liquids, or a liquid and a solid. (Bul D11)
SURFACE TREES – A combination of valves which may be placed on the top of production
risers to control pressure and divert flow. (RP 2T)
SURFACTANT – A material which tends to concentrate at an interface and lower interfacial
tension. (Bul 10C)
SURFACTANT – A surface-active agent that tends to concentrate at an interface. Such agents
lower the surface tension of water and aid in emulsifying oil and dispersing materials in water.
Used in drilling fluids to control the degree of emulsification, aggregation, dispersion, interfacial
tension, foaming, defoaming, etc. (Bul D11)
SURFACTANT – A material which tends to concentrate at an interface. Used in drilling fluids to
control the degree of emulsification, aggregation, dispersion, interfacial tension, foaming,
defoaming, wetting, etc. (Bul D11)
SURFACTANT – A substance that affects the properties of the surface of a liquid or solid by
concentrating in the surface layer. Surfactants are useful in that they can ensure that the surface
of one substance or object is put on contact with the surface of another substance. A soap or
detergent (SSWID)
SURFACTANT MUD – A drilling fluid which contains a surfactant. (Bul 10C)
SURFACTANT MUD – A drilling fluid which contains a surfactant. Usually refers to a drilling
fluid containing surfactant material to effect control over degree of aggregation and dispersion or
emulsification. (Bul D11)
SURGE – Horizontal motion of the platform in the plant north-south direction. (RP 2T)
SURGE LOSS – The flux of fluids and solids which occurs in the initial stages of any filtration
before pore openings are bridged and a filter cake is formed. Also called “spurt loss.” (Bul D11)
SURGE TANK – A vessel on a flow line whose function is to receive and cushion sudden rises
or surges in the stream of liquid. (ITOGP)
SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM – A monitoring system to determine environmental quality.
Surveillance systems are established to monitor all aspects of progress toward attainment of
environmental standards and to identify potential episodes of high pollutant concentrations in
time to take preventive action. (Bul D11)
SURVEY – An evaluation of the radiation levels incident to the presence and use of radioactive
materials. (RP 5A5)
SURVEY – A documented investigation, including examination of objective evidence conducted
by API to verify that a manufacturer is in conformance with the provisions of the API license
agreement. (Spec Q1)
SURVEY CALCULATION METHODS – Refer to Wellbore Survey Calculation Methods. (Bul
D20)
SURVEY DATA SHEET – Commonly called the calculation sheet. A paper form on which to
tabulate the data and results of calculations of a wellborn survey. (Bul D20)
SURVEY INSTRUMENT – An instrument used to measure inclination of the wellbore and the
direction of the inclination from a position within the wellbore. (Bul D20)
SURVEY METER – A portable instrument which measures dose rate of exposure of radiation
intensity. (RP 5A5)
SURVEYING FREQUENCY – Refers to the number feet between survey records. (Bul D20)
SUSPENDED SOLIDS (SS) – Small particles of solid pollutants that contribute to turbidity and
that resist separation by conventional means. The examination of suspended solids and the BOD
test constitute the two main determinations for water quality performed at waste-water facilities.
(Bul D11)
SUSPENSOID – A mixture consisting of finely divided colloidal particles floating in a liquid.
The particles are so small that they do not settle but are kept in motion by the moving molecules
of the liquid (Brownian movement). (Bul D11)
SWAB – A rubber-faced device, which closely fits the inside of tubing, that is pulled through the
tubing to lift fluid from the well. Also to pull such a device through the tubing. (ITOGP)
SWAB – n. A rubber-faced, hollow cylinder mounted on a hollow mandrel with a pin joint on
the upper end to connect to the swab line. A check valve installed on the lower end of the swab
and opening upward may be used to unload a well (remove fluids) when the well ceases to flow.
(WLOP)
SWAB – v. To operate a swab on a wire line to bring well fluids to the surface when the well
does not flow naturally. This is a temporary operation to determine whether or not the well will
flow. If the well does not flow after being swabbed, it is necessary to install a pump or other
permanent lifting device to bring oil to the surface. (WLOP)
SWAB VALVE – The uppermost valve in vertical line on the Christmas tree, always above the
flow-wing valve. (RP 57)
SWABBING – When pipe is withdrawn from the hole in a viscous drilling fluid or if the bit is
balled, a suction is created. (Bul D11)
SWABBING – Operation of a SWAB on a wire line (SWAB LINE) to bring well fluids to the
surface when the well does not flow naturally. This is a temporary operation to determine
whether or not the well can be made to flow or if artificial lift is needed. (ITOGP)
SWABBING – The lowering of the hydrostatic pressure in the hole due to upward movement of
pipe and/or tools. (RP 53)
SWABBING – Planned lifting of well fluids to the surface using a piston-like device installed on
a wireline. Swabbing may inadvertently occur due to piston action as pipe or assemblies are
pulled from the well. (RP 54)
SWAGE – A Tool for straightening damaged or collapsed tubing in a well. (WLOP)
SWAGE NIPPLE – A pipe fitting having external threads of one size on one end and a different
size on the other end. (WLOP)
SWAY – Horizontal motion of the platform in the plant east-west direction. (RP 2T)
SWEEP – The uniform and repeated movement of an electron beam across the CRT. (RP 2X)
SWEET – Said of oil or gas when it contains no sour impurities. (ITOGP)
“S” WELLBORE – Refers to S-type Well. (Bul D20)
SWELLING – See Hydration. (Bul D11)
SWING – Rotation of the upperstructure for movement of loads in a horizontal direction about
the axis of rotation. (Spec 2C)
SWING BEARING – A combination of rings with balls or rollers capable of sustaining radial,
axial, and moment loads of the revolving upperstructure with boom and load. (Spec 2C)
SWING CHECK – A type of check valve. (ITOGP)
SWING CIRCLE – See Swing Bearing and Roller Path. (Spec 2C)
SWING GEAR (ALSO KNOWN AS RING GEAR OR BULL GEAR) – External or internal
gear with which swing pinion on revolving upperstructure meshes to provide swing motion.
(Spec 2C)
SWING MECHANISM – The machinery involved in providing dual directional rotation of the
revolving upperstructure. (Spec 2C)
SWINGING SQUARE – A square drill collar located between two round drill collars. (Bul D20)
SWINGLINE – A vertically suspended rope knotted on the lower end to provide hand grips,
hung above the boat landing on an offshore platform, and used to facilitate safe personnel
transfer between boat and platform and vice versa. (RP 54)
SWIVEL – Device at top of the drill stem which permits simultaneous circulation and rotation.
(RP54)
SWIVEL – A load carrying member with thrust bearings to permit rotation under load in a plane
perpendicular to the direction of the load. (Spec 2C)
SWIVELING – The rotation of the load attachment portion (hook or shackle) or a load block
(lower) or hook assembly about its axis of suspension in relation to the load lines(s). (Spec 2C)
SYNERESIS – The separation of liquid from a gel caused by contraction. (Bul 10C)
SYNERGISM – The cooperative action of separate substances so that the total effect is greater
than the sum of the effects of the substances acting independently. See Synergism in Section 1.
(Bul D11)
SYNERGISM, SYNERGISTIC PROPERTIES – An effect obtained when two or more products
are used simultaneously to obtain a certain result. Rather than the results of each product being
additive to the other, the result is a multiple of the effects. (Bul 10C)
SYNERGISM, SYNERGISTIC PROPERTIES – Term describing an effect obtained when two
or more products are used simultaneously to obtain a certain result. Rather than the results of
each product being additive to the other, the result is a multiple of the effects. See Synergism in
Section 2. (Bul D11)
SYSTEM, EMERGENCY GAS RELIEF – A system for discharging gas by manual actuation or
by an automatic pressure relief valve from a pressurized system to the atmosphere for the
purpose of relieving an abnormally high pressure. (RP 2G)
SYSTEM, FLARE – A system for discharging gas through a control valve from a pressurized
system to the atmosphere during normal operations. This discharge may be either continuous or
intermittent, and may or may not be ignited. (RP 2G)
SYMMETRICAL – Of the same size and shape, repetition of data or a series of data where one
series of events is the same as the immediately preceding series over same period of time. (WT)
-TTACKLE-
HOIST – Assembly of ropes and sheaves arranged for pulling. (Spec 2C)
TAIL CHAIN – The short length of chain, with a hook attached, on the end of a winch line.
(ITOGP)
TAIL GAS (RESIDUE GAS) – Gas from a processing unit after extraction of liquids. (ITOGP)
TAIL OUT RODS – To pull the bottom end of a sucker rod away from a well when laying rods
down. (ITOGP)
TAIL PIPE – Pipe run in a well below a packer. (ITOGP)
TAIL PLUG – The plug in the end of a gas lift valve which is the final seal on the dome. (GL)
TAIL SWING – Clearance distance from center of rotation to maximum rear extension of
revolving upperstructure. Also called Rear End Radius. (Spec 2C)
TAKE A STRAIN ON – To begin to pull on a load. (ITOGP)
TALLY – To measure and record the length of pipe or tubing. (ITOGP)
TALLY – The overall length of the pipe and connections measured in 1/100 of a foot. This
dimension is commonly used when purchasing casing and tubing. At the well site commonly a
“makeup” tally is made measuring from the last scratch on the pin end to the far end of the
coupling or box. (RP 5A5)
T & C – Acronym for threaded and coupled. (RP 5A5)
TANDEM SQUARES – Two or more square drill collars adjacent in a bottom-hole assembly.
(Bul D20)
TANDEM STABILIZERS – Refers to the use of two or more stabilizers at one position in a
bottom-hole assembly. (Bul D20)
TANGENTIAL METHOD – Uses only the inclination and direction angles measured at the
lower end of the course length. The wellbore path is assumed to be tangent to these angles
throughout the course. This method is not recommended. (Bul D20)
TANK BATTERY – See Battery. (ITOGP)
TANK DIKE – See Fire Wall. (ITOGP)
TANK TABLE – A table giving the barrels of fluid contained in a storage tank corresponding to
the linear measurement on a gage line. See Strapping. (ITOGP)
TANK TABLES – A tabulation of total tank contents from bottom to top, usually in barrels for
oil field use. Normally shown for each 1/8 inch increase in liquid depth. (WT)
TANNIC ACID – The active ingredient of quebracho and other organic tannins. (Bul 10C)
TANNIC ACID – The active ingredient of quebracho and other quebracho substitutes such as
mangrove bark, chestnut extract, hemlock, etc. (Bul D11)
TAP – A threaded opening in a line or vessel in which a gage or valve may be installed. Also, a
notched tool used to cut inside threads. (ITOGP)
TAPER – The change in the pitch diameter of round thread and the change in the root diameter
of the buttress thread. (RP 5A5, RP 5B1)
TARGET – A bull plug or blind flange at the end of a tee to prevent erosion at a point where
change in flow direction occurs. (RP 53)
TARGET AREA – A defined area at a prescribed vertical depth which is planned to be
intersected by the wellbore. (Bul D20)
TARGET POINT – The coordination in space considered to be the preferred point within the
target area for the wellbore intersection. The planned point, within the target area, for the
wellbore to intersect. (Bul D20)
TATTLETALE – A device on an instrument control panel to indicate the cause of a system
shutdown or alarm signal. (ITOGP)
TCG – Time controlled gain circuitry in the instrument which compensates for attenuation losses
in the metal. (RP 2X)
TD – Total depth. The maximum depth drilled. (WLOP)
TECHNICIAN – A person capable of performing adequate UT inspections, given clear
instructions. (RP 2X)
TEE – A pressure containing fitting with three openings. Two openings opposite one another to
form the run portion of the tee, and one opening at 90o to the line of the run. Tees may be
threaded, flanged, or studded-flange. (Spec 6A)
TEFC – Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled.
TELEMETRY – A system for the electronic transmission of oil field data. (ITOGP)
TELESCOPIC JOINT – Riser joint designed to permit a change in length of the riser to
accommodate platform movements. Sometimes called a slip joint. (RP 2T)
TELESCOPING BOOM – Consists of a base boom from which one or more boom sections are
telescoped for additional length. (Spec 2C)
TEMPERATURE – The degree of heat, usually expressed in either U.S. customary units as
degrees Fahrenheit (oF) or metric equivalent units as degrees Celsius (oC).
Casing Cementing Temperature – The temperature of a cement slurry at any point while it is
being displaced in a cementing operation.
Circulating Temperature – The temperature of any fluid at any specified depth in a well while it
is being circulated.
Squeeze Cementing Temperature – The temperature of any fluid at any specified depth in a well
while it is being displaced at the maximum cementing depth in a squeeze cementing operation.
Static Temperature – The temperature attained at a specified depth in a well after the well is
shut-in long enough to reflect the ambient formation temperature at that depth. (Bul 10C)
TEMPERATURE BOMB – An instrument lowered into a well to record down-hole temperature.
(ITOGP)
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT – The rate of change of temperature with displacement in a given
direction. As the depth of a well increases, so does the temperature; this phenomenon is known
as the temperature gradient. It varies according to geographical location and geological
formations encountered. (WLOP)
TEMPERATURE STABILITY – The chemical characteristics of a material which determine its
resistance to thermal decomposition (Bul 10C)
TEMPERATURE SURVEY – An operation to determine temperatures at various depths in the
hole. Usually a continuous log over a given depth range. (Bul 10C)
TEMPERATURE SURVEY – An operation to determine temperatures at various depths in the
hole. This survey is used to find the location of inflows of water into the hole, where doubt exists
as to proper cementing of the casing and for other reasons. (Bul D11)
TEMPERATURE SURVEY – An operation to measure and record the temperatures at various
depths in the wellborn with the well either producing or shut-in. The temperatures may be
measured and recorded at either a self-contained unit run on a solid wireline or a unit run on an
electric wireline with an instantaneous recording at the surface. (GL)
TEMPERATURE SURVEY – An operation to determine temperatures at various depths in the
wellbore. This survey is used to determine the height of cement behind the casing when there is
doubt as to the height, to find the location of water influx into the wellbore, and for other
reasons. Wireline equipment may be used. (WLOP)
TENDON – A system of components which form a link between the TLP platform and the
subsea foundation for the purpose of mooring the TLP. (RP 2T)
TENDON ACCESS TUBE – A conduit within a platform column between the bottom of the
column and the tendon top connector through which a tendon passes. (RP 2T)
TENDON CONNECTOR – A device used to connect a tendon to the platform hull (top
connector) or to the foundation template (bottom connector). (RP 2T)
TENDON COUPLING – A device which connects one tendon element to another or to a
specialty component. (RP 2T)
TENDON ELEMENT – Each of the similar or identical but discrete structural components
which, when assembled with the flex elements, top and bottom connectors, and any other special
components, comprise a complete tendon. (RP 2T)
TEN-MINUTE GEL – See Gel Strength, 10-min. (Bul D11)
TENSION – Actual tension in the pipe due to its own weight plus the product of the drilling fluid
pressure and the cross-sectional area on which the pressure acts. (Bul D20)
TENSION BOLT – Threaded bolt used with tension member. (Bul 13C)
TENSION LEG – The collective group of tendons associated with one column of the platform.
(RP 2T)
TENSION MEMBER – A general term for any of a number of devices which engage the edge of
the screen surface and pull it taut over the support frame. (Bul 13C)
TENSION PLATE (BOARD) – Type of tension member that is located above the screening
surface and closes the gap between the edge of the screen surface and the sideplate. (Bul 13C)
TENSIONER – A device, usually pneumatically or hydraulically powered, used to apply tension
to tendons or riser. (RP 2T)
TENSIONER SYSTEM – Tensioner units are used to maintain risers in tension as the platform
moves in response to wind, waves and current. Horizontal motions, heave, and setdown of the
platform necessitate changes in length of the risers. Tensioners accommodate these movements,
as well as relative angular motion between the platform and riser, while maintaining a nearly
constant tension on the risers. (RP 2T)
TENSIONING – The stretching of the screening surface within the vibrating frame. (Bul 13C)
TENV – Totally enclosed Nonventilated.
TERMINAL ANGLE – The inclination and direction angles of the lower end of the course. (Bul
D20)
TERMINAL ANGLE METHOD – Refer to “Tangential Method.” (Bul D20)
TERTIARY TREATMENT – Waste-water treatment, beyond the secondary or biological stage,
that includes removal of nutrient such as phosphorous, nitrogen, and a high percentage of
suspended solids. Tertiary treatment, also known as advanced waste treatment, produces a highquality
effluent. (Bul D11)
TEST AGENCY – Any independent third party which owns or otherwise provides a test facility
and administers a testing program recognized by the manufacturers and/or operator as being
capable of meeting the SSSV performance test requirements of this specification. (Spec 14A)
TEST AGENCY – Any independent third party which owns or otherwise provides a test facility
and administers a testing program recognized by the operator as being capable of meeting the
Class 2 SSV/USV Valve Performance Test requirements of API Spec 14D. (RP 14H)
TEST BLOCK – Special precision-made blocks, used as standards to facilitate rapid calibration
of an inspection instrument. (RP 5A5)
TEST RACK (TESTER) – An arrangement of gas lift receivers, gages, valving, etc., so that
nitrogen gas pressure may be applied to the bellows of a gas lift valve and simultaneously
measured to determine the pressure required to open the gas lift valve. (GL)
TEST SURFACE – That surface of a part through which the ultrasonic energy enters or leaves
the part. (RP 2X)
TEST TANK – A receiving vessel used for temporary measurement and storage of produced
liquid during a well test. (WT)
TESTING SIEVE – A cylindrical or tray-like container with a screening surface bottom of
standardized apertures. (Bul 13C)
TFL – The abbreviation “TFL” stands for through flowline. (TP 6G)
THEORETICAL PERMEABILITY RATIO – The theoretical permeability ratio (ki/ko) is the
ratio of the ideal perforated permeability to the original effective permeability. (RP 43)
THERMAL ANOMALIES – Unusual or abnormal temperature differences. (WT)
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION – The chemical breakdown of a compound or substance by
temperature into simple substances or into its constituent elements. Starch thermally decomposes
in drilling fluids as the temperature approaches 300 F. (Bul D11)
THERMAL HORSEPOWER (THP) –
Btu/min
42.42 (Bul D10)
THERMAL SHIELD – A heat sink and insulator used to prolong the life of heat sensitive
instruments used in wellbore surveys. (Bul D20)
THETA ANGLE – The angle that will correct grid north to true north. (Bul D20)
THICK THREADS – Threads that have the appearance of being cut off-form. This appearance
would have to be substantiated with the use of a thread comparator, lead gauge, and/or depth
gauge. (Bul 5T1, RP 5A5)
THICKENING TIME – The time required for a cement slurry of a given composition to reach a
consistency of 100 Bearden units of consistency (Bc), determined by methods outlined in API
Spec 10. (Bul 10C)
THIEF – A metal cylinder with a spring actuated closing device that is lowered into a tank to
obtain samples of oil at any given depth. (ITOGP)
THIEF HATCH – An opening in the top of a tank large enough to admit a thief and other oilsampling
equipment. (ITOGP)
THIEFING – Obtaining fluids at different levels in a vessel to determine BS&W content. (WT)
THINNER – Any of various organic agents (tannins, lignites, lignosulfonates, etc.) and inorganic
agents (pyrophosphates, tetraphospates, etc.) that are added to a drilling fluid to reduce the
viscosity and/ore thixotropic propreties. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
THIRD PARTY INSPECTOR – An independent (not employee of manufacturer or user)
inspector or company contracted to determine whether the produce meets the required
specification(s). Persons retained by the owner to observe the inspection being done by others
are usually agents for the owner. (RP 5A5)
THIXOTROPY – The property exhibited by certain systems of gelling when in a static state, and
then liquefying when subjected to agitation. (Bul 10C)
THIXOTROPY – The ability of fluid to develop gel strength with time. That property of a fluid
which causes it to build up a rigid or semi-rigid gel structure if allowed to stand at rest, yet can
be returned to a fluid state by mechanical agitation. This change is reversible. (Bul D11)
THREAD (SCREW THREAD) – A ridge of uniform section in the form of a helix on the
internal or external surface of the pipe. (RP 5B1)
THREAD ANGLE – The included angle between the thread flanks. The flank angle of thread
shall be defined as the angles between the flanks and a perpendicular to the thread axis. For 60
degree threads, the flank angles are half angles of the thread and therefore equal. For buttress
threads, the leading flanks are 20 degrees and the following flanks are 3 degrees. For extremeline
threads, the leading flanks are 6 degrees and the following flanks are 6 degrees. (Spec 5B)
THREAD AXIS – The axis of pitch cone of the thread, and the longitudinal central line through
the threads. In basic thread design, all length measurements are related to the thread axis. (RP
5A5, RP 5B1)
THREAD FORM – The form of thread is the thread profile in an axial plane for a length of one
pitch. (RP 5A5, RP 5B1, Spec 5B)
THREAD PROTECTOR – A device screwed onto pipe threads to protect the threads from
damage when not in use. (ITOGP)
THREAD PROTECTOR – Plastic or steel protection device placed on the end of the pipe to
protect threads and seals from damage. (RP 5B1)
THREAD RUN-OUT ON FACE – See Featheredge. (Bul 5T1)
THREADS PER INCH – The number of threads in one inch of thread length. (RP 5B1)
THREE-DIMENSIONAL RADIUS OF CURVATURE METHOD – Refer to “Minimum
Curvature Method.” (Bul D20)
THREE PHASE SEPARATOR – Production vessel capable of separating gas, oil and water, and
discharging in three separate streams. (WT)
THREE-PIECE SUCKER ROD – A rod whose body and pin or box ends are joined by threaded
connections. (Spec 11B)
THRESHOLD DOSE – The minimum dose of a given substance necessary to produce a
measurable physiological or physiological effect. (Bul D11)
THROUGH TRANSMISSION – A test method using two transducers in which the ultrasonic
vibrations are emitted by one and received by another on the opposite side of the part. The ratio
of the magnitudes of vibrations transmitted and received is used as the criterion of soundness.
(RP 2X)
THROW – See Preferred Term: Stroke. (Bul 13C)
TIGHT FORMATION – A formation of relatively low permeability. (ITOGP)
TIGHTEN UP EMULSION OR DRILLING FLUID – Drilling fluid jargon to describe a
condition in some systems to which oil has been added and the oil breaks out and rises to the
surface. Any chemical or mechanical means which will emulsify the free oil is known as
“tightening up.” (Bul D11)
TILTED RIG – Refer to “Slant Rig.” (Bul D20)
TITRATION – A method, or the process of using a standard solution, for the determination of
the amount of some substance in another solution. The known solution is usually added in a
definite quantity to the unknown until a reaction is complete. (Bul D11)
TOLERANCE – The relative capability of an organism to endure an unfavorable environmental
factor. (Bul D11)
TOLERANCE – The permissible deviation from the specified value. (RP 5A5)
TOLERANCE – The amount of variation permitted. (RP 5B1)
TOOL AZIMUTH ANGLE – The angle between north and the projection of the tool reference
axis onto a horizontal plane. (Bul D20)
TOOL HIGH-SIDE ANGLE – The angle between the tool reference axis and a line
perpendicular to the hole axis and lying in the vertical plane. (Bul D20)
TOOL JOINT – A drill pipe coupler consisting of a pin and box of various designs and sizes.
The internal design of tool joints has an important effect on drilling fluid hydrology. (Bul D11)
TOOL JOINT – A heavy coupling element for drill pipe having coarse, tapered threads and
seating shoulders designed to sustain the weight of the drill stem, withstand the strain of repeated
makeup and breakout, and provide a leak-proof seal. The male section (pin) is attached to one
end of a length of drill pipe and the female section (box) is attached to the other end. Tool joints
may be welded to the drill pipe, screwed onto the pipe, or a combination of screwed on and
welded. (Bul D20)
TOOL MARK – Surface roughness on thread, chamfer, or counterbore surfaces caused by the
machining action and condition of the cutting edge of single-point, die, or chaser tools; also can
occur in the form of a longitudinal ridge across thread crests due to an improperly shaped or
adjusted chaser. (Bul 5T1)
TOOL MARKS – Cuts or tears to thread crests caused by thread dies or chasers; ridges, steps, or
burrs in the thread flanks caused by chipped or broken threading tools, and shaved threads. (RP
54)
TOOLPUSHER – Supervisor in charge of one or more drilling or well servicing rigs. (RP 54)
TOP – See Preferred Term: Overflow. (Bul 13C)
TOP CONNECTION – The uppermost fitting of a Christmas tree through which the tubing of
the well may be entered with completion or workover tools. (Spec 6A)
TOP OUT – To finish filling a tank. (ITOGP)
TORN THREAD (TEARS) – Thread surfaces which have portions that are chipped, rough, or
ragged. (Bul 5T1)
TORN THREADS (TEARS) – Thread crests which have portions that are chipped, rough, or
tagged. (RP 5A5)
TORQUE – A measure of the force or effort applied to a shaft causing it to rotate. (Bul 10C)
TORQUE – The tangential force (pounds) times lever arm length. (Bul D10)
TORQUE – A measure of the force or effort applied to a shaft causing it to rotate. On a rotary
rig this applies especially to the rotation of the drill stem in its action against the bore of the hole.
Torque reduction can usually be accomplished by the addition of various drilling fluid additives.
(Bul D11)
TORQUE – A twisting force that tends to produce rotation – the force causing a threaded
connection to makeup. (RP 5B1)
TORQUE CONVERTER – Fluid drive which increases torque and reduces rpm. (Bul D10)
TORQUE CONVERTER – Auxiliary transmission connected to prime mover which multiples
engine torque as load increase with corresponding decrease in speed. (Sec 2C)
TOTAL CORE PENETRATION (TCP) – Total core penetration, TCP, is the distance from the
original Berea sandstone core face to the depth probed. It is obtained by subtracting from the
total target penetration, TTP, the combined thickness of the steel and Hydromite. (RP 43)
TOTAL CURVATURE – Implies three-dimensional curvature (refer to “Dogleg Severity”).
(Bul D20)
TOTAL DEPTH (OR TD) – The greatest depth reached by the drill bit. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
TOTAL DEPTH (TD) – The maximum depth reached in a well. (ITOGP)
TOTAL HARDNESS – See Hardness of Water. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
TOTAL SOLIDS – The total amount of solids in a waste water, both in solution and suspension.
(Bul D11)
TOTAL TARGET PENETRATION (TTP) – Total target penetration, TTP, is the distance from
the exterior steel face of the core target to the probe depth. The probe depth shall be determined
by the maximum depth from the exterior steel face to the deepest point that can be probed with a
0.1-in. OD tube using 50 psi air pressure and a probe force not exceeding 10 pounds. (RP 43)
TOUR – A person’s turn in an orderly schedule. The word, which designates the shift of a
drilling crew, is pronounced as if it were spelled t-o-w-e-r. (Bul D11)
TOXIC SUBSTANCE – A substance or material which can be detrimental to human health or
the functional capacity of a person having exposure to it. (RP 57)
TOXICANT – A substance that kills or injures an organism through its chemical pr physical
action, or by altering its environment; for example, cyanides, phenols, pesticides, or heavy
metals. (Bul D11)
TOXICITY – The quality or degree of being poisonous or harmful to plant or animal life. (Bul
D11)
TRACEABILITY – The ability to determine the product history through markings and records.
(Spec Q1)
TRACEABILITY, JOB LOT – The ability for parts to be identified as originating from a job lot
which identifies the included heat(s). (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
TRANSDUCER – An instrumentation device for converting a signal from one form to another.
A pressure transducer. (ITOGP)
TRANSDUCER – An electro-acoustical device for converting electrical energy into acoustical
energy and vice versa. (RP 2X)
TRANSDUCER – Device used for converting a pipe condition into an electrical signal. This is a
term which includes all ultrasonic proves, search coils, eddy current probes and most other
detectors. (RP 5A5)
TRANSFER MECHANISM – A procedure to account for the effects of differences in surface
texture, curvature, etc. between calibration block and workpiece. (RP 2X)
TRANSITION ZONE – The ice region existing between fast ice and the artic pack, usually
heavily deformed. It may vary in width from hundreds of feet to tens of miles depending on
seasonal and annual changes. Fast ice may be found in this zone, adjacent to grounded features.
(Also referred to as the shear or Stamukhi zone.) (Bul 2N)
TRANSMISSION ANGLE – The incident angle of the transmitted ultrasonic beam. It is zero
degrees when the ultrasonic beam is perpendicular to the test surface. (RP 2X)
TRANSMISSION LOSS – The difference between output horsepower and input horsepower. It
may conveniently be expressed as percentage of input horsepower. (Bul D10)
TRANSVERSE – Literally means “across,” usually signifying circumferential or substantially
circumferential in direction. (RP 5A5)
TRANSVERSE WAVE – Same as shear wave. (RP 2X)
TRAP (GEOLOGIC) – An arrangement of rock strata or structures that halts the migration of oil
and gas and causes them to accumulate. (ITOGP)
TRAPEZOIDAL METHOD – Uses of the measured inclination and direction angles at both ends
of the measured course in a fashion that recreates the wellbore path. This is done by a sequence
of trapezoidal integration segments using the measure angles as constraints on the integral over
the measured course. Results obtained are essentially the same as the “Acceleration.” Balanced
Tangential,” and “Vector Averaging” Methods. (Bul D20)
TRAVELING CYLINDER VIEWS – A plat of the well profile within the control cylinder. (Bul
D20)
TRAVERSE TABLES – Tables of numerical values used in calculating wellbore survey results.
(Bul D20)
TREATER – Production vessel equipped to heat liquid, and in which treating chemical is usually
added to aid in separating oil and water emulsions. (WT)
TREATING – Separation of gas, oil and water from emulsified well streams by gravity and
enhanced means of breaking emulsions such as heating, chemical and/or coalescing sections.
(Spec 12L)
TREE, CHRISTMAS – An assembly of valves and fittings used for production control which
includes, as applicable, the tubing head top flange, the bottom most master valve, the crown
valve (swabbing valve), the wellhead choke and all valves and fittings in between. (RP 14H,
Spec 14D)
TRIGGER BIT – A bit with a removable center through which surveying instruments were run
into the open hole. Used prior to industry’s general acceptance of non-magnetic drill collars. (Bul
D20)
TRIP – See Round-trip. (ITOGP)
TRIP GAS – An accumulation of gas which enters the hole while a trip is made. (RP 53)
TRIPPING – Torsional buckling of stiffener. (Bul 2V)
TROUBLESHOOTING – The process of determining and correcting a problem with a gas lift
well. (GL)
TRUE NORTH – The direction from any geographical location on the earth’s surface to the
north geometric pole. (Bul D20)
TRUE VERTICAL DEPTH (TVD) – The actual vertical depth of an inclined wellbore (refer to
“Vertical Depth”). (Bul D20)
TUBING – In petroleum production this is the tubular product used to bring the product to the
surface. API sixes range from 1.050 inch OD to 4.5 inch OD inclusive. (RP 5A5)
TUBING – Pipe used in wells to conduct fluid from the well’s producing formation into the
Christmas tree. Tubing is distinguished from casing as being susceptible to manipulation under
operating conditions; whereas, casing is ordinarily considered a fixed or permanent installation.
(Spec 6A)
TUBING – Pipe installed in the wellbore inside all casing strings and extending from the
wellhead to an elevation at or above the formation, and through which formation fluids normally
are transported to the surface. (RP 54)
TUBING ANCHOR – A downhole, packer-like device run in a string of tubing that grips the
wall of the casing to prevent up and own movement of the lower section of tubing as the well is
pumped by a rod pump. (ITOGP)
TUBING COUPLINGS – May be called tubing collars. Tubular steel with internal threads into
which are made up the ends of tubing joints, to form a continuous flow string. (WT)
TUBING FLOW – Formation fluids are produced up through and recovered form the tubing at
the surface. (GL)
TUBING HANGER, THREADED (MANDREL) – A mechanism used to support a tubing string
in a tubing head by means of a male or female thread attached to the tubing. (Spec 6A)
TUBING HEAD – The top of the string of tubing with control and flow valves attached.
(ITOGP)
TUBING HEAD ADAPTER – That equipment which adapts the uppermost flange of a tubing
head to the lowermost valve of the Christmas tree. (Spec 6A)
TUBING HEAD SPOOL – A piece of equipment attached to the uppermost casing head or
smallest casing string which serves to suspend the tubing and to seal the annular space between
the tubing and casing. (Spec 6A)
TUBING JOB – The pulling and running of tubing. (ITOGP)
TUBING RETRIEVABLE GAS LIFT VALVE – Commonly called a conventional gas lift
valve. A gas lift valve mounted on a tubing retrievable mandrel. It is necessary to pull the tubing
to recover the valves. This was the first method of mounting gas lift valves; consequently the
name of conventional gas lift valve. (GL)
TUBING RETRIEVABLE MANDREL – Commonly called conventional or standard mandrel.
A tubing pup joint with a lug for mounting a conventional or tubing retrievable gas lift valve.
The mandrel is an integral part of the rubbing string. (GL)
TUBINGLESS COMPLETION – A method of completing a well in which a small diameter
production casing is set through the producing zone with no tubing or inner production string
employed to bring formation fluids to the surface. (RP 57)
TUBULAR GOODS – Any kind of pipe. Oilfield tubular goods include tubing, casing, drill pipe,
and line pipe. (WLOP)
TUGGER LINE – Tugger line is a wire rope line powered by a motor (pneumatic, hydraulic, or
other) and used for the controlled lifting and lowering of light loads around a rig. (RP 54)
TURBIDITY – A measure of the resistance of water to the passage of light caused by suspended
and colloidal matter. (Bul 10C, SSWID)
TURBOLATORS – A core of baffles designed to induce turbulence in the return leg of firetubes
which enhances heat transfer efficiency. (Spec 12L)
TURBULENT FLOW – Fluid flow in which the velocity at a given point changes constantly in
magnitude and the direction of flow. (Bul 10C)
TURBULENT FLOW – Fluid flow in which the velocity at a given point changes constantly in
magnitude and the direction of flow; pursues erratic and continually varying courses. Turbulent
flow is the second and final stage of flow in a Newtonian fluid; it is the third and final stage in a
Bingham plastic fluid. See Critical Velocity and Reynolds Number. (Bul D11)
TURN – Change in bearing of the hole. Usually spoken of as the right or left turn with
orientation that of an observer who views the well course from the surface site. (Bul D20)
TURNS PER INCH – The number of thread turns in one inch of thread length. (RP 5B1)
TURNTABLE – See Revolving Upperstructure. (Spec 2C)
TWIST-OFF – The severing in two of a joint of drill pipe or other pipe stem elements by
excessive force applied by the rotary table. (Bul D11)
TWO-BLOCKING – The condition when the lower load block or hook assembly comes in
contact with the upper load block or boom point sheave assembly. (Spec 2C)
TWO-CRYSTAL METHOD – Use of two transducers for sending and receiving. May be sendreceive
or through-transmission method. (RP 2X)
TWO PHASE SEPARATOR – Production vessel capable of separating gas from liquid. (May
also include water knockouts which separate water from oil). (WT)
TYPE – An SSSV with unique control characteristics which differentiate it from other SSSVs.
The SCSSV, the Velocity Type SSCSV and the Low Tubing Pressure Type SSCSV are
examples of SSSV types. (Spec 14A)
-UUL
– Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc.
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE – Function of design variables which defines the resistance of a
member to failure (i.e., its maximum load carrying capacity at failure). (Bul 2V)
ULTRASONIC – Pertaining t mechanical vibrations having a frequency greater than
approximately 20,000 H2. (RP 2X)
ULTRASONIC – Relating to frequencies above the audible range, i.e., in excess of 20 kilohertz
(kHz). (RP 5A5)
ULTRASONIC ABSORPTION – A dampening of ultrasonic vibrations that occurs when the
wave transverses a medium. (RP 2X)
ULTRASONIC INSPECTION – An examination of materials and fabrication by a qualified
technician, responsible to the inspector, using pulse echo ultrasonic equipment for the purpose of
locating and sizing discontinuities in the welds and reporting such findings to the inspector for
evaluation of compliance with the acceptance criteria. (RP 2X)
ULTRASONIC INSPECTION PROCEDURE – The detailed written procedure outlining the
specific ultrasonic inspection techniques and criteria to be utilized during the construction of a
particular platform. (RP 2X)
ULTRASONIC SPECIALIST – An individual with extensive experience in the preparation and
application of ultrasonic inspection procedures. (Individuals classified by the American Society
for Nondestructive Testing Certification Panel as Level III technicians or any engineering
technician specializing in nondestructive inspection with emphasis on ultrasonic techniques.)
(RP 2X)
ULTRASONIC SPECTRUM – The frequency span of elastic waves greater than the highest
audible frequency, generally regarded as being higher than 2.0 x 10 cycles per second, to
approximately 10 cps. (RP 2X)
ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT) – A nondestructive method of inspecting materials by the use of
high frequency sound waves. (RP 5A5)
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT – Light waves shorter than the visible blue-violet wave of the
spectrum. Crude oil, colored distillates, residuum, a few drilling fluid additives, and certain
minerals and chemicals fluoresce in the presence of ultraviolet light. These substances, when
present in drilling fluid, may cause the fluid to fluoresce. (Bul D11)
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT (UV) – Light in the ultraviolet wavelengths of 3200 to 4000 Angstrum,
just shorter than visible light. (RP 5A5)
UMBRELLA DISCHARGE – See Preferred Term: Spray Discharge. (Bul 13C)
UNCLASSIFIED LOCATION – See Classification. (RP 14F, RP 500B)
UNCLASSIFIED LOCATION – An unclassified location is a location not classified as Division
1 or Division 2. (RP 500B)
UNCONTROLLED SIDETRACK (BLIND SIDE-TRACK) – The side tracking of a wellbore
where direction is unimportant and not controlled. (Bul D20)
UNDER-CUT – Under-cutting on submerged arc-welded pipe is the reduction in thickness of the
pipe wall adjacent to the weld where it is fused to the surface of the pipe. (Bul T1)
UNDER-REAM – To enlarge a drill hole below the casing. (Bul 10C)
UNDERFILL – Formed during bar rolling when the bar does not completely fill the rolling die.
Also formed during rod end forging when there is insufficient material to fill the die. (Spec 11B)
UNDERFLOW – (See General Term: Solids Discharge.) The discharge stream from centrifugal
separators that contains a higher percentage of solids than does the feed. (Bul 13C)
UNDERFLOW HEADER – (See Related Term: Underflow Manifold.) A pipe, tube, or conduit
into which two or more hydrocyclones discharge their underflow. (Bul 13C)
UNDERFLOW MANIFOLD- An arrangement by which the underflow from one or more
hydrocyclones or from one or more underflow headers can be diverted. (Bul 13C)
UNDERFLOW OPENING – The actual opening through which the underflow leaves the
centrifugal separator. (Bul 13C)
UNDERGROUND BLOWOUT – An uncontrolled flow of well fluids and/or formation fluids
into lower pressured subsurface zones. See Blowout. (Bul D11)
UNDERPRESSURE – Pressure in a process component less than the design collapse pressure.
(RP 14C)
UNDERSATURATED FLUID – A liquid capable of holding additional gaseous components in
solution or a vapor capable of holding additional liquid components in solution at the specified
pressure and temperature. (RP 44)
UNDERSIZE – Material consisting of particles smaller than a specified aperture. (Bul 13C)
UNDERWATER SAFETY VALVE (USV) – An automatic valve assembly (installed at an
underwater wellhead location) which will close upon loss of power supply. When used in this
specification, it includes USV valve and USV actuator. (Spec 14D)
UNDERWATER SAFETY VALVE (USV) – An automatic valve assembly (installed at an
underwater wellhead location) which will close upon loss of power supply. (RP 14C)
UNDERWATER SAFETY VALVE (USV) – An automatic valve assembly (installed at an
underwater wellhead location) which will close upon loss of power supply. When used in this
standard, it includes USV valve and USV actuator. (RP 14H)
UNDESIRABLE EVENT – An adverse occurrence or situation in a process component or
process station which poses a threat to safety such as overpressure, underpressure, liquid
overflow. etc. (RP 14C)
UNFIRED PROCESS AREA – That area that contains process equipment that does not have a
flame. (RP 2G)
UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT – A term used in specifying sand. It is the ratio of the sieve size
that will pass 60 percent of the filter sand, to the effective size. (SSWID)
UNION – A coupling device used to connect pipe without the need to rotate the pipe. The
makeup is accomplished by a flanged, threaded collar on the union. (WLOP)
UNIT – A single qualified reporting establishment, such as a plant or location. See paragraphs 3
through 8 under Award Plan. (Bul T5)
UNIT OPERATOR – The company designated to operate unitized properties. (ITOGP)
UNITIZATION – Unitization is the process whereby the owners of adjoining properties pool
their reserves and form a single UNIT for the operation of the properties by only one of the
owners. The production from the UNIT is then divided on the basis established in the UNIT
AGREEMENT. The purpose of such agreement is to produce the reserves more efficiently,
increasing the recovery for every participant. Important where enhanced recovery is anticipated.
(ITOGP)
UNIVALENT – Monovalent. See Valence. (Bul D11)
UNMANNED PLATFORM – A platform upon which persons may be employed at any onetime,
but upon which no living accommodations or quarters are provided. (RP 2A)
UP-DIP WELL – A well located high on the structure. (ITOGP)
UPPER DECK – Upper or roof deck level consisting of girder beam and plate elements. (RP 2T)
UPPERSTRUCTURE – See Revolving Upperstructure. (Spec 2C)
UPSET – A forged metal pipe end with increased wall thickness and diameter used for threading
or welding. (RP 5A5)
UPSET TUBING – Tubing that is “upset” is made with a thicker wall and larger outside
diameter on both ends of a joint to compensate for cutting the threads. (ITOGP)
UPSET UNDERFILL – A depression on the outside of inside surface of an upset caused by
insufficient flow of metal to completely fill out the upset to the desired shape. (Bul 5T1)
UPSET WRINKLES – Surface irregularity occurring on pipe upsets in the form of transverse
forging laps. (Bul 5T1)
USAS – United States of America Standard. (Now American National Standards Institute.)
USCG – United States Coast Guard.
USERS – A term denoting individuals or companies who use equipment and/or material, or
implement Recommended Practices. (Bul S1)
USGS – Abbreviation for United States Geological Survey. See MMS). (WLOP)
-VVACUUM
– Pressure in a process component less than atmospheric pressure. (RP 14C)
VACUUM – Theoretically, a space absolutely devoid of all matter and exerting zero pressure.
However, vacuum is commonly used to describe a condition that exists in system when pressure
is reduced below atmospheric pressure. (WLOP)
VACUUM STRIPPING – To remove gases from a liquid by applying a vacuum. (SSWID)
VALENCE OR VALENCY – A number representing the combining power of at atom, i.e. the
number of electrons lost, gained, or shared by an atom in a compound. It is also a measure of the
number of hydrogen atoms with which an atom will combine or replace, e.g., an oxygen atom
combines with two hydrogens, hence has a valence of 2. Thus, there are mono-, tri-, etc., valent
ions. (Bul D11)
VALENCE EFFECT – In general, the higher the valence of an ion the greater the loss of stability
to emulsions, colloidal suspensions etc., these polyvalent ions will impart. (Bul D11)
VALVE – A device used to control the rate of flow in a line, to open or shut off a line
completely, or to serve as an automatic or semiautomatic safety device. Those valves that find
extensive usage in the oil industry include the gas valve, plug valve, globe valve, needle valve,
check valve, and relief valve (also called a safety valve). (WLOP)
VALVE BORE SEALING MECHANISMS – Those internal valve parts which close off the
flow through the valve bore, such as gates, balls, plugs, poppets, flappers, and their respective
seats. (Spec 6A)
VALVE, CHECK – A valve that permits fluid to flow freely in one direction and contains a
mechanism to automatically prevent flow in the other direction. (Spec 6A)
VALVE CROWN – The uppermost valve on the vertical bore of the Christmas tree above the
flowline outlet. (Spec 6A)
VALVE DRILLING OPERATION – Drilling of a hole through the blocking element of a valve
that is stuck in the closed position with pressure on the well side of the valve. The drilling is
accomplished through a lubricator that confines the pressure after the valve is penetrated. (RP
54)
VALVE, DRILLING THROUGH – A valve with an oversize bore. These valves must pass a
drift test. (Spec 14D)
VALVE, FULL-BORE – A valve whose closure mechanism has the same bore dimensions as
the valve body. (Spec 6A)
VALVE, FULL-BORE – A valve with a minimum opening dimension corresponding to the
nominal end connection size. (Spec 14D)
VALVE, GATE – A valve assembly with a gate operating within the body, 90 degrees to the
conduit, to effect a closure. (Spec 6A)
VALVE, GATE – A valve designed to function in either a full open or full close position in
which the closure member (gate) is moved in a direction perpendicular to the flow direction
(Spec 14D)
VALVE, MASTER – The lowermost valve on the vertical bore of the Christmas tree. It is used
to completely shut in the well. (Spec 6A)
VALVE, MASTER – A valve located in the vertical run of a Christmas tree whose primary
purpose is to shut off well flow. (RP 14H, Spec 14D)
VALVE, PLUG – A valve assembly with a plug (straight, tapered, ball, etc.) permanently
mounted across the conduit so that when rotated 90 degrees it effects a closure. (Spec 6A)
VALVE, PLUG – A valve in which the closure member (plug) is rotated. This plug may be
cylindrical, conical or spherical in shape, solid, or split, with a conduit bore which aligns with the
seat bore in the open position. (Spec 14D)
VALVE, REDUCED-OPENING – A valve which has a reduced opening through its closure
mechanism. (Spec 6A)
VALVE, REGULAR OPENING – A valve which may have a reduced opening, either round or
oblong, through the closure member. The area of this opening is usually from 50 to 100 percent
of the pipe cross sectional flow area. (Spec 14D)
VALVE, SWAB – See definition for crown valve. (Spec 6A)
VALVE, VENTURI – A valve with a reduced opening, in which the transformation from the full
opening ends to the reduced closure area is well streamlined to reduce pressure loss. (Spec 6A)
VALVE, VENTURI – A valve with a reduced opening, either round or substantially rectangular,
through the closure member in which the transformation from the full opening ends to the
reduced closure member opening is well streamlined to reduce the pressure loss. The area of the
opening is usually about 40 percent of the cross sectional flow area of the pipe of the same
nominal size as the valve. (Spec 14D)
VALVE, WING – A valve located on the Christmas tree, but not in the vertical run, which can
be used to shut off well flow. (RP 14H, Spec 6A, Spec 14D)
VANISH POINT – The location where the thread root runs out or terminates on the pipe surface.
The point where the lead of the chaser tool makes its final cut. (RP 5A5)
VANISH POINT – That location where the thread took mark runs out or terminates on the pipe
surface. (RP 5B1)
VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT – A facility for collecting stock or storage tank vapors to prevent
their loss to the atmosphere. (ITOGP)
VAPOR-TIGHT LIGHTING FIXTURE – See Enclosed and Gasketed Lighting Fixture. (RP
14F)
VARIANCE – Sanction granted by a government body for delay or exception in the application
of a given law, ordinance, or regulation. (Bul D11)
VD (Vertical Pump Intake Setting Depth (Ft.) – Is the true vertical pump setting depth measured
from the surface.
VECTOR AVERAGING METHOD – Uses inclination and direction measurements at both ends
of the measured course to establish vector space directions. It is then assumed that each of these
two vectors is projected for one-half the course length in creating the wellbore path. Each “halfcourse
length” segment can be treated tangentially. Results obtained are essentially the same as
the “Acceleration,” “Balanced Tangential,” and “Trapezoidal” Methods. (Bul D20)
VEE PATH – The angle-beam path in materials starting at the search-unit examination surface,
through the material to the reflecting surface, continuing to the examination surface in front of
the search unit, and reflection back along the same path to the search unit. The path is usually
shaped like the letter “V.” (RP 2X)
VELOCITY – Time rate of motion in a given distance. (Bul 10C)
VELOCITY – Time rate of motion in a given direction and sense. It is a measure of the fluid
flow and may be expressed in terms of linear velocity, mass velocity, volumetric velocity, etc.
Velocity is one of the factors which contribute to the carrying capacity of a drilling fluid. (Bul
D11)
VELOCITY – The speed at which sound waves travel through a medium. (RP 2X)
VELOCITY, CRITICAL – That velocity at the transitional point between laminar and turbulent
types of fluid flow. This point occurs in the transitional range of Reynolds numbers of
approximately 2,000 to 3,000. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
VELOCITY, ULTRASONIC – The speed at which sound waves travel through a medium. (RP
5A5)
VENT – A connection in a vessel, line or pump to permit the escape of air or gas. (ITOGP)
VENT – A pipe or hatch on a vessel that opens to the atmosphere. A vent line might contain a
pressure and/or vacuum relief device. (RP 14C)
VENT – An opening to allow gas to escape, and to prevent pressure buildup in the vessel to
which attached. (WT)
VENTILATION, ADEQUATE – Ventilation (natural or artificial) which is sufficient to prevent
the accumulation of significant quantities of vapor-air mixtures in connections above 25% of
their lower flammable (explosive) limit (LEL). (RP 500B)
VENTILATION, INADEQUATE – Ventilation which is less than adequate. (RP 500B)
VENTILATION, LIMITED – Ventilation (natural or artificial) which is sufficient to reasonably
assure that significant quantities of vapor-air mixtures in concentrations above 25% of the lower
flammable (explosive) limit (LEL) will not accumulate for significant periods of the time due to
hydrocarbon emissions which are relatively small in size or short in duration. (RP 500B)
VERIFY – To determine conformance to specified requirements. (Spec Q1)
VERTICAL DEPTH – Vertical component of the measured well depth. (Bul D20)
VERTICAL DRILLING – The action of drilling a hole with the intent of maintaining the
borehole in a position vertically below the surface location. (Bul D20)
VERTICAL HOLE – A hole in which the wellbore is nearly maintained in a position vertically
below the surface location. (Bul D20)
VERTICAL LIMIT – The maximum readable level of vertical indications determined either by
an electrical or a physical limit an A-scan presentation. (RP 2X)
VERTICAL PROFILE (VERTICAL SECTION) – A projection of the borehole into a vertical
plane parallel to the course bearing and scaled with vertical depth. (Bul D20)
V-G METER OR VISCOSITY-GEL VISCOMETER – The name commonly used for the directindicating
viscometer. See Viscometer, Direct-Indicting. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
VIBRATING SCREEN – A screen with motion in a vertical plane which operates generally
above 600 RPM at less than 1-inch stroke. (Bul 13C)
VIBRATING SCREEN – See Shale Shaker. (Bul D11)
VIDEO PRESENTATION – The rectified rf signal. (RP 2X)
VISC – Viscosity (SSU).
VISCOMETER, DIRECT-INDICATING – Commonly called a “V-G meter.” The instrument is
a rotational-type device powered by means of an electric motor or handcrank, and is used to
determine the apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield point, and gel strengths of fluids. See
API Spec 10 or RP 13B for operational procedures. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
VISCOMETER STORMER – A rotational shear viscometer used for measuring the viscosity
and gel strength of drilling fluids. This instrument has been largely superseded by the directindicating
viscometer. See Viscometer, Direct-indicting. (Bul D11)
VISCOMETER (VISCOSIMETER) – An apparatus to determine the viscosity of a fluid or
suspension. (Bul 10C)
VISCOMETER – (VISCOSIMETER) – An apparatus to determine the viscosity of a fluid or
suspension. Viscometers vary considerably in design and methods of testing. (Bul D11)
VISCOSIMETER- See Viscometer. (Bul D11)
VISCOSITY – A measure of the thickness of fluid or how easily it will pour. (SSWID)
VISCOSITY – The internal resistance offered by a fluid to flow. See Apparent Viscosity and
Plastic Viscosity. (Bul 10C)
VISCOSITY – The internal resistance offered by a fluid to flow. This phenomenon is
attributable to the attractions between molecules of a liquid, and is a measure of the combine
effects of adhesion and cohesion to the effects of suspended particles, and to the liquid
environment. The greater this resistance, the greater the viscosity. See Apparent Viscosity and
Plastic Viscosity. (Bul D11)
VISCOSITY – A measure of how easily a liquid will pour or flow. (ITOGP)
VISCOSITY – A measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow. (WLOP)
VISCOSITY, FUNNEL – See Marsh Funnel. (Bul 10C)
VISCOSITY, FUNNEL – See Funnel Viscosity. (Bul D11)
VISCOUS FLOW – See Laminar Flow. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
VISUAL EXAMINATION – Examination of parts and equipment for visible defects in material
and workmanship. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
VOLATILE – Evaporating readily at a relatively low temperature. (Bul D11)
VOLATILE FLAMMABLE LIQUID – A flammable liquid having a flash point below 100oF
(37.8oC), or a flammable liquid whose temperature is above its flash point, or a Class II
combustible liquid having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psia (276 kPa) at 38oC (100F)
whose temperature is above its flash point. (RP 500B)
VOLATILE MATTER – Normally gaseous products, except moisture, given off by a substance,
such as gas breaking out of live crude oil that has been added to a drilling fluid. In distillation of
drilling fluids, the volatile matter is the water, oil, gas, etc., that are vaporized, leaving behind the
total solids which can consist of both dissolved and suspended solids. (Bul D11)
VOLTAGE (V) – The unit of potential causing the flow of current. (RP 5A5)
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY – The percentage relation between the actual delivered capacity
of a pump and the calculated displacement of the pump. (Bul D10)
VOLUMETRIC NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION – Examination for internal material
defects by method such as radiography and/or ultrasonic testing. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
VORTEX (AIR) – A cylindrical or conical shaped core of air or vapor lying along the central
axis of the rotating slurry inside a hydrocyclone. (Bul 13C)
VORTEX BREAKER – A device located on outlet nozzles to prevent vortex formation. (Spec
12L)
VORTEX FINDER – A hollow cylinder extending axially into the barrel of a hydrocylcone
forming an annulus into which the feed enters tangentially. The overflow exists from the
separating chamber through the vortex finder, and the vortex is centered in the hydrocyclone by
the hole in the vortex finder, hence the name. (Bul 13C)
VUG – Natural cavity formed in certain formations caused by leaching out of soluble minerals.
(Bul 10C)
-WWAITING
ON CEMENT – The time necessary for the cement to set or harden in the well bore
(abbr. W.O.C.). (Bul D20)
WALK (OF BIT) – The action of the bit to change the direction of the wellbore by its tendency
to turn into the side of the wellbore while rotating. (Bul D20)
WALK (OF HOLE) – The tendency of a wellbore to deviate in the horizontal plane; generally
thought to be caused by the bit rotating preferentially into the side of the hole and the anisotropic
nature of the formation. (Bul D20)
WALL CAKE – The solid material deposited along the wall of the hole resulting from filtration
of the fluid part of the drilling fluid or cement slurry into the formation. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
WALL STICKING – See Differential-Pressure Sticking. (Bul D10, D11)
WARM UP (A CONNECTION) – See Heat. (A connection). (ITOGP)
WASHOUT (OF HOLE) – Excessive wellbore enlargement by solvent or erosional action of the
drilling fluid. (Bul D20)
WASTE WATER – Water carrying wastes from homes, businesses, and industries that is a
mixture of water and dissolved or suspended solids. (Bul D11)
WATER-BASE DRILLING FLUID – Common conventional drilling fluids. Water is the
suspending medium for solids and is the continuous phase, whether or not oil is present. (Bul
D11)
WATER BLOCK – Reduction of the permeability of a formation caused by the invasion of
water into the pores (capillaries). (Bul 10C)
WATER BLOCK – Reduction of the permeability of a formation caused by the invasion of
water into the pores (capillaries). The decrease in permeability can be caused by swelling of
clays, thereby shutting off the pores, or in some cases by a capillary block of the pores due to
surface tension phenomena. (Bul D11)
WATER CEMENT RATIO – The ratio by weight of water to cement in a cement slurry (abbr.
W/C). (Bul 10C)
WATER-CONING – The upward encroachment of water into a well due to pressure drawdown
from production. (ITOGP)
WATER DRIVE – The Reservoir-Drive Mechanism whereby oil is produced by the expansion
of the underlying water, which forces the oil into the wellbore. (ITOGP)
WATER FEED – Water to be added for dilution of the mud feed into a centrifugal separator.
(Also see Dilution Water.) (Bul 13C)
WATER FLOODING – One method of enhanced recovery in which water is injected into an oil
reservoir to force additional oil out of the reservoir rock and into the well bores of producing
wells. (ITOGP)
WATER-IN-OIL EMULSION – See Invert Oil-emulsion Mud. (Bul D11)
WATER LOSS – See Fluid Loss. (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
WATER LOSS CONTROL – See Fluid Loss Control. (Bul D10C)
WATER OF HYDRATION – The water chemically combined with the solid to form a
crystalline compound. (Bul 10C)
WATER PATH – The distance from the transducer to the test surface in immersion or water
column testing. (RP 2X)
WATER POLLUTION – The addition of sewage, industrial wastes, or other harmful or
objectionable material to water in concentrations or in sufficient quantities to result in
measurable degradation of water quality. (Bul D11)
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA – The levels of pollutants that affect the suitability of water for
a given use; generally, water use classification includes: public water supply, recreation,
propagation of fish and other aquatic life, agricultural use, and industrial use. (Bul D11)
WATER QUALITY STANDARD – A plan for water quality management containing four major
elements: the use (recreation, drinking water, fish and wildlife propagation, industrial, or
agricultural) to be made of the water; criteria to protect those uses; implementation plans (for
needed industrial-municipal waste treatment improvements); and enforcement plans and an
antidegradation statement to protect existing high quality waste water. (Bul D11)
WATER SAVER – A chamber may be directly connected to the heater shell to permit the shell
to be completely filled with water. The water in this chamber exists at a lower temperature than
the heater bath which reduces evaporation losses. It may also be referred to as an economizer or
expansion tank. Its capacity should be sufficient to contain the water expansion between ambient
and operating temperatures. (Spec 12K)
WATER SIPHON (WATER LEG, GRASSHOPPER) – A piping system for the controlled flow
of water from the treater which sets the water/oil interface level with the treater. To accomplish
this control the water flows through a vertical loop of piping set at an adjustable level below the
treater oil level with the top of the loop equalized in pressure with the gas zone of the treater.
(Spec 12L)
WATER-SOLIDS RATIO – The ratio by weight of water to the total solids in a cement slurry.
(Bul 10C)
WATER TABLE – The upper level of ground water. (Bul D11)
WATER WELL – A well drilled to (1) obtain a fresh water supply to support drilling and
production operations, or (2) obtain a water supply to be used in connection with an enhanced
recovery program. (ITOGP)
WATERFLOOD KICK – The first indication of increased oil production as the result of a
waterflood project. (ITOGP)
WAVE FRONT – A continuous surface drawn through the most forward points in a wave
disturbance which have the same phase. (RP 2X)
WAVE LENGTH – The distance in the direction of propagation of a wave for the wave to go
through a complete cycle. (RP 2X)
WAVE TRAIN – A succession of ultrasonic waves arising from the same source, having the
same characteristics, and propagating along the same path. (RP 2X)
WAVY THREAD – A cyclic variation in the helix angle of a thread, and/or its radial location.
(Bul 5T1)
WEATHERED CRUDE – Crude oil which has lost an appreciable quantity of its entrained gas
due to evaporation during storage. (ITOGP)
WEDGE – A device used to direct ultrasonic energy into the material at an angle. (RP 2X)
WEIGHT – In drilling fluid terminology, this refers to the density of a drilling fluid. This is
normally expressed either lb/gal, lb/cu ft, or psi hydrostatic pressure per 1,000 ft of depth. (Bul
D11)
WEIGHT INDICATOR – An instrument that shows the weight suspended from a wireline or
hook. (WLOP)
WEIGHT MATERIAL – Any of the high specific gravity materials used to increase the density
of drilling fluids. This material is most commonly barite but can be galena, etc. In special
applications limestone is also called a weight material. (Bul D11)
WEIGHTED RATES – Incidence rates determined by combining percentages of separate
industry rates in proportions equal to the reporter’s employee-hours of exposure in the separate
industries. Used for evaluation of organization wide experience of multi-establishment
organizations only. (Bul T5)
WEIGHTING MATERIAL – A material which when added to a cement slurry increases the
density of the slurry. (Bul 10C)
WELD AREA CRACK – A crack in or immediately adjacent to the weld line. (Crack – A stressinduced
separation of the metal which, without any other influence, is insufficient in extent to
cause complete rupture of the material.) (Bul 5T1)
WELD AREA CRACK – A crack in the weld line or the weld upset zone. (Crack – A stressinduced
separation of the metal which, without any other influence, is insufficient in extent to
cause complete rupture of the material.) (Bul 5T1)
WELD AREA CRACK – A crack that occurs in the weld deposit, the fusion line, or the heat
affected zone. (Crack – A stress-induced separation of the metal which, without any other
influence, is insufficient in extent to cause complete rupture of the material.) (Bul 5T1)
WELD, FABRICATION – A weld joining two or more parts. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
WELD GROOVE – An area between two metals to be joined that has been prepared to receive
weld filler metal. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
WELD JOINT – A description of the way components are fitted together in order to facilitate
joining by welding. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
WELD, NON-PRESSURE CONTAINING – A weld, the absence of which will not reduce the
pressure containing integrity of the part. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
WELD, PRESSURE-CONTAINING – A weld, the absence of which will reduce the pressurecontaining
integrity of the part. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
WELDING – The fusion of materials, with or without the addition of filler materials. (Spec 6A,
Spec 16A)
WELL – The hole-in-the-ground drilled from the point of entry at the earth’s surface to total
depth of the hole. The well is normally drilled through a single and specific surface causing for
the purpose of: (1) finding or producing crude oil or natural gas; or (2) providing services related
to the production of crude oil or natural gas. (Bul D12A)
WELL – A hole drilled in the earth for the purpose of finding or producing crude oil or natural
gas. Also see Service Well. (ITOGP)
WELL DEPTH – Measured depth in the wellbore. Usually measured form the bushing, derrick
floor, or foundation as a datum. Refer to “Measured Depth.” (Bul D20)
WELL LOG – A record of one or more physical parameters of geological formations as a
function of depth in a bore hole. Distinction is sometimes made between a log as an entire record
which may contain several curves showing specific measurements and the individual cures
themselves, which are also called logs. (Bul 10C)
WELL LOGGING – See Electric Logging and Mud Logging. (Bul D11)
WELL PERMIT – The authorization to drill a well issued by a governmental regulatory agency.
(ITOGP)
WELL PLATFORM – An offshore structure with a platform above the surface of the water that
supports the producing well’s surface controls and flow piping. (ITOGP)
WELL PROFILE – The projection of the wellbore onto a plane. (Bul D20)
WELL PLATFORM – An offshore structure with a platform above the surface of the water that
supports the producing well’s surface controls and flow piping. (ITOGP)
WELL PROFILE – The projection of the wellbore onto a plane. (Bul D20)
WELL SERVICING – The maintenance work performed on an oil or gas well to improve or
maintain the production from a formation already producing in the well. Usually, it involves
repairs to the pump, rods, gas-lift vales, tubing, packers, etc. (ITOGP)
WELL SERVICING – Maintenance and repair work performed on an oil or gas well to improve
or maintain the production from a formation already producing in the well. Usually, it involves
repairs to the pump, rods, gas-lift valves, tubing, packers, etc. Also refers to people who do this
work, such as a well servicing company. (WLOP)
WELL SERVICING RIG – Equipment and machinery assembled primarily for the purpose of
any well work involving pulling or running tubulars or sucker rods, to include but not limited to,
redrilling, completing, recompleting, workover, sucker rod or tubing pulling, and abandoning
operations. (RP 54)
WELL SIMULATION TEST – A test performed in accordance with API Spec 10 under
conditions simulating those encountered in wells. (Bul 10C)
WELL TEST – The measurement of any factor, or factors relating to production or injection of
oil, water or gas from, or into, a well in a given length of time for a given or established set of
conditions to assist in prediction of production or injection capability. (WT)
WELL TEST RATE – The stabilized rate at which the well is currently being produced on a
routine basis. (RP 14B)
WELL TESTER – One who performs well tests. The title is usually reserved for one whose duty
involves only well tests, or may be one who performs specialized tests such as buttonhole
pressure measurement, or critical measurement of specific production characteristics. Some tests
may be performed by lease operator rather than well tester. (WT)
WELLBORE SURVEY CALCULATION METHODS – Refers to the mathematical methods
and assumptions used in reconstructing the path of the wellbore and in generating the space
curve path of the wellbore from inclination and direction angle measurements taken along the
wellbore. These measurements are obtained from magnetic or gyroscopic instruments of either
the single-shot or multi-shot type. (Bul D20)
WELLBORE SURVEY CALCULATION METHODS – Refers to the mathematical methods
and assumptions used in reconstructing the path of the wellbore and in generating the space
curve path of the wellbore from inclination and direction angle measurements taken along the
wellbore. These measurements are obtained from gyroscopic or magnetic instruments of either
the single-shot or multi-shot type.
Acceleration Method – Utilizes the angles at the top and bottom of the course length and from
these generates a curve on the assumption that the measured angles change smoothly from top to
bottom of the measured course as though under the influence of a constant force of an
acceleration. The results obtained are the same as “Balanced Tangential,” “Trapezoidal,” and
Vector Averaging” Methods.
Average Angle Method – Uses the angles measured at both the top and bottom of the course
length in such a fashion that the average of the two sets of measured angles is the assumed
inclination and direction. The well bore survey is then calculated tangentially using these
averaged angles over the course length.
Angle Averaging Method – Refer to “Average Angle Method.”
Backward Station Method – Refer to “Tangential Method.”
Balanced Tangential Method – Uses the inclination and direction angles at the top and bottom of
the course length in a manner so as to tangentially balance the two sets of measured angles over
the course length. Results obtained are the same as the “Acceleration,” “Trapezoidal,” and
Vector Averaging” Methods.
Circular Arc Method – Uses both sets of measured angles associated with each course length to
recreate the wellbore path as a sequence of small circular arcs constrained by the measured
angles to pass through the end points with inclination and direction angles as measured.
Compensated Acceleration Method – Refer to “Mercury Method.”
Combined Method – Refer to “Mercury Method.”
Mercury Method – A combination of the “Tangential” and “Balanced Tangential” Methods so as
to treat that portion of the measured course defined by the length of the measuring tool as a
straight line (tangentially) and the remainder of the measured course trapezoidally. Refer to
“Compensated Acceleration Method” and “Combined Method.”
Minimum Curvature Method – Uses the sets of angles measured at the top and bottom of the
course length to establish coordinate velocities through which a space curve (which represents
the calculated path of the wellbore) passes in a manner that minimizes its total curvature.
Quadratic Method – A method in math modeling considering the wellbore as a curve; the
projections into three orthogonal planes are quadratic functions.
Radius of Curvature Method – Uses the sets of angles measured at the top and bottom of the
course length to generate a space curve (representing the wellbore path) that has the shape of a
spherical arc passing through the measured angles at both the upper and lower ends of the
measured course.
Secant Method – This name has been applied with two different meanings: (1) meaning the
“Trapezoidal Method,” and (2) meaning the “Average Angle Method.”
Simpson’s Rule Method – Uses as many measured angle values as are available (a minimum of
three sets) to recreate the wellbore path through Simpson’s Rule for numeric integration, which
approximates by passing a parabola through three points.
Tangential Method – Uses only the inclination and direction angles measured at the lower end of
the course length. The wellbore path is assumed to be tangent to these angles through the course.
Terminal Angle Method – Refer to “Tangential Method.”
Trapezoidal Method – Uses the measured inclination and direction angles at both ends of the
measured course in a fashion that recreates the wellbore path. This is done by a sequence of
trapezoidal integration segments using the measured angles as constraints on the integral over the
measured course. Results obtained are essentially the same as “Acceleration,” “Balanced
Tangential,” and “Vector Averaging” Methods.
Vector Averaging Method – Uses inclination and direction measurements at both ends of the
measured course to establish vector space direction. It is then assumed that each of these two
vectors is projected for one-half the course length in creating the wellbore path. Each “half
course length” segment can be treated tangentially. Results obtained are essentially the same as
the “Acceleration, “Balanced Tangential,” and “Trapezoidal” Methods. (Bul D20)
WELLHEAD – The stack of valves and fittings at the surface on top of a well. (GL)
WELLHEAD – The equipment used to maintain surface control of a well. (ITOGP)
WELLHEAD – As assembly of valves and fittings used for control of the flow from a producing
well or to an injection well. A wellhead usually includes a casing head, tubing head, master
valve(s), wing valve or choke may be included. Offshore structures usually include several
wellheads. (RP 2G)
WELLHEAD – The wellhead is a composite of equipment used at the surface to maintain
control of the well. Included in wellhead equipment are casing heads – lowermost and
intermediate – tubing heads, Christmas three equipment with valves and fittings, casing and
tubing hangers, and associated equipment. (RP 14B)
WELLHEAD – An assemblage of valves and spools located below the Christmas tree and above
the casing strings for the purpose of handing and isolating the various tubular strings. (RP 57)
WELLHEAD – A wellhead is all permanent equipment between the uppermost portion of the
surface casing and the tubing head adapter flange. (Spec 6A)
WELLHEAD – The equipment used to maintain surface control of a well. It is formed of the
casing head, tubing head, and appropriate valves. The Christmas tree is installed on top of the
tubing head. (WLOP)
WELLHEAD – Equipment installed on a well at surface to permit well control, to hang tubing in
well, and to which production lines are connected. (WT)
WELLHEAD AREA – That area of deck that surrounds the individual wellhead(s). (RP 2G)
WELLHEAD PRESSURE – The maximum shut-in surface pressure that may exist in a well. (RP
14E)
WET GAS – Natural gas containing significant amounts of liquefiable hydrocarbons. (ITOGP)
WET JOB – Pulling tubing full of oil or water. (ITOGP)
WET METHOD – The magnetic particle inspection method employing ferromagnetic particles
suspended in a liquid path. (RP 5A5)
WETTING – The adhesion of a liquid to the surface of a solid. (Bul D11)
WETTING AGENT – A chemical or composition which, when added to a liquid, reduces the
surface tension and increases the spreading of the liquid on a surface or the penetration of the
liquid into a material. (Bul D11)
WETTING AGENT – A substance or composition which, when added to a liquid, increases the
spreading of the liquid on a surface or the penetration of the liquid into a material. (Bul D11)
WETTING AGENT – A substance which lowers the surface tension of a liquid. (RP 5A5)
WHIPLINE – A secondary rope system usually of lighter load capacity than provided by the
main rope system. Also known as “Auxiliary.” (Spec 2C)
WHIPSTOCK – A device inserted in a well bore used for deflecting or for directional drilling.
(Bul 10C, Bul D11)
WHIPSTOCK – A long wedge and channel-shaped piece of steel with a collar at its top through
which the subs and drill stem can pass, the face of the whipstock sets an angle to deflect the bit.
(Bul D20)
WICKER (OR WHISKER) – A wire-like piece of metal peeled from a thread or chamfer
surface, and which may be attached to the machined surface at one end. (Bul 5T1)
WILDCAT – A well in unproved territory. (Bul D11)
WILDCAT WELL – A well drilled in previously unexplored areas. Also RANK WILDCAT.
(ITOGP)
WINCH – A machine used for pulling or hoisting by winding rope or cable around a powerdriven
drum or spool. (ITOGP)
WINDOW – A section of casing milled out to provide an opening to sidetrack or kick off. (Bul
D20)
WIRE CLOTH – Screen cloth of woven wire. (Bul 13C)
WIRELINE – See Solid Wire Line. (WLOP)
WIRE ROPE – A flexible, multi-wired member usually consisting of a core member around
which a number of multi-wired strands are “laid” or helically wound. (Spec 2C)
WIRE ROPE – A rope composed of steel wires twisted into strands that are twisted around a
central core. Wire rope is sometimes referred to as “wireline” or “cable.” (WLOP)
WIRELINE CUTTING TOOL – A special device, usually run on a solid wire line, that is used to
cut another wire line that may be stuck in a well. (WLOP)
WIRELINE OPERATIONS – Operations performed in a wellbore by use of tools which are run
and pulled on small diameter slick, braided, or electric wirelines. (RP 57)
WIRELINE PREVENTERS – Preventers installed on top of the well or drill string as a
precautionary measure while running wirelines. The preventer packing will close around the
wireline. (RP 53)
WIRELINE PREVENTER – A manually, operated, ram type blowout preventer that is especially
adapted for closure around a wire line. (WLOP)
WIRELINE (RETRIEVABLE) MANDREL – A tubular member with an internal receiver for a
wireline (retrievable) gas lift valve. The mandrel becomes an integral part of the tubing string.
(GL)
WIRELINE (RETRIEVABLE) VALVE – A gas lift valve mounted inside the tubing that can be
installed and recovered by solid wireline operations without disturbing the tubing. (GL)
WIRELINE SPEAR – A special fishing tool fitted with prongs to catch and recover wireline that
has been broken and left in a well. (WLOP)
WIRELINE TOOLS – Special tools or equipment made to be lowered into and retrieved from
the well on a wireline (small-diameter steel cable), e.g., packers, swabs, gas lift valves,
measuring devices, etc. (ITOGP)
WIRELINE TRUCK (WIRELINE UNIT) – A service vehicle or unit on which the spool of
wireline is mounted for use in downhole wireline work. (ITOGP)
WIRELINE WIPER – A flexible, rubber device used to wipe off mud, oil, or other liquid from a
wire line as it is pulled out of a well. (WLOP)
WIRELINE WORK AREAS – Those areas in which wireline work is being performed on a well
through a lubricator. (RP 500B)
WMO – World Meteorological Organization.
WOGA – Western Oil and Gas Association.
WOODPECKER DRILL COLLAR – Refer to “Indented Drill Collar.” (Bul D20)
WORK BOAT – A boat or self-propelled barge used to carry supplies, tools, and equipment to
job site off-shore. (ITOGP)
WORK-OVER – To perform one or more of a variety of remedial operations on a producing
well with the hope of restoring or increasing production. (Bul 10C)
WORKING INTEREST – The operating interest under an oil and gas lease. (ITOGP)
WORKING PRESSURE – The pressure to which a particular piece of equipment is subjected
during normal operations. (Bul 10C)
WORKING PRESSURE – Maximum internal pressure for which the SSV/USV valve or
SSV/USV actuator is designed. (RP 14H, Spec 14D)
WORKING PRESSURE – The pressure at which a system or item of equipment is designed to
operate. (ITOGP)
WORKING PRESSURE – The maximum pressure at which an item is to be used at a specified
temperature. (SSWID, WLOP)
WORKOVER – Operations on a producing well to restore or increase production. A workover
may be done to wash out sand, acidize, hydraulically fracture, mechanically repair or for other
reasons. See Reworking a Well. (ITOGP)
WORKOVER FLUID – Any type of fluid used in the workover operation of a well. (Bul 10C,
Bul D11)
WRENCH TIGHT – When thread protector is tightened by hand using strap wrench, pipe
wrench or thread protector wrench, i.e., 30-100 foot-pounds torque. (RP 5A)
WROUGHT PRODUCTS – Products shaped by means of forging. (Spec 6A)
WROUGHT STRUCTURE – One that contains no cast dendritic structure. (Spec 6A)
WYE SECTION – The wye section is that piping section where the loop joins the vertical tubing
bore. (RP 6G)
-YYAW
– Platform rotation about the vertical axis. (RP 2T)
YIELD – A term used to define the quality of a clay by describing the number of barrels of a
given centipoise slurry that can be made from a ton of the clay. Based on the yield, clays are
classified as bentonite, high-yield, low-yield, etc., types of clays. Not related to yield value
below. See API RP 13B for procedures. (Bul D11)
YIELD – A term used to define the quality of a clay by describing the number of barrels of a
given centipoises slurry that can be made from a ton of the clay. Based on the yield, clays are
classified as bentonite, high-yield, low-yield, etc., types of clays. Not related to yield value
below. See API RP 14B for procedures. See Slurry Yield. (Bul 10C)
YIELD POINT – In drilling-fluid terminology, yield point means yield value (see Yield Value).
Of the two terms, yield point is by far the mostly commonly used expression. (Bul D11)
YIELD POINT – The shear stress intercept resulting from an extrapolation of higher shear
stress-shear rate values to a zero shear rate. (Bul 10C)
YIELD STRENGTH – The stress level measured at room temperature, expressed in pounds per
square inch of loaded area, at which material plastically deforms and will not return to its
original dimensions when the lead is released. All yield strengths specified in this standard shall
be considered as being the 0.2% yield offset strength per ASTM A370. (Spec 6A, Spec 16A)
YIELD STRESS – The yield stress of the material determined in accordance with ASTM A307.
(Bul 2U)
YIELD VALUE – See Yield Point. (Bul 10C)
YIELD VALUE – The yield value (commonly called “yield point”) is the resistance to initial
flow, or represents the stress required to start fluid movement. This resistance is due to electrical
charges located on or near the surfaces of the particles. The values of the yield point and
thixotropy, respectively, are measurements of the same fluid propreties under dynamic and static
states. The Bingham yield value, reported in lb/100 sq ft, is determined using the directindicating
viscometer by subtracting the plastic viscosity from the 300 rpm reading. (Bul D11)
YOKE – A C-shaped piece of soft magnetic material, either solid or laminated, around which is
wound a coil carrying the magnetizing current. (RP 5A5)
YOKE MAGNETIZATION – A magnetic field induced in a pipe, or in an area of a pipe, by
means of an external electromagnet shaped like a yoke. (RP 5A5)
-ZZERO
– The act of setting a dial indicating depth gauge for “zero depth.” Past tense is “zeroed.”
(RP 5A5)
ZERO-ZERO GEL – A condition wherein the drilling fluid fails to form measurable gels during
a quiescent time interval (usually 10 min.). (Bul 10C, Bul D11)
ZETA POTENTIAL – Electrokinetic potential of a particle as determined by its electrophoretic
mobility. This electric potential causes colloidal particles to repel each other and stay in
suspension. (Bul D11)
ZINC CHLORIDE (ZnCl) – A very soluble salt used to increase the density of water to points
more than double that of water. Zinc, chloride will accelerate the thickening time of a cement
slurry. (Bul 10C)
ZINC CHLORIDE (ZnCl) – A very soluble salt used to increase the density of water to points
more than double that of water. Normally added to a system first saturated with calcium chloride.
(Bul D11)
ZONE – The term “zone,” as applied to reservoirs, is used to describe a unique interval which
has one or more distinguishing characteristics, such as lithology, porosity, saturation, etc.
(ITOGP)
ZONE – A term used to distinguish different rock strata (e.g., shale zone, sand zone, pay zone,
etc.) (RP 57)